Reason Why Elections Are Less Democratic :: essays research papers

Reason Why Elections Are Less participatoryThe conclude why elections are less democratic is because some people say thatmoney is taking away from our well known democracy, but in separate instances wehave the greatest democracy compared to other countries of our vast magnitude.Throughout the nineteenth century campaigns were ran and geared toward the troupe.Instead of voting for a person you were voting for an psyche party eitherfederalist or democratic-republican. Today, in the twentieth century, we votefor the candidate and their true character or what they have to offer us. Torun a flourishing campaign now-a-days you need money, a good pollster, wellorganized debate, direct mail, and positive publicity.Money is the mothers milk of politics if you dont have you arent going togo both where. Campaign money is received part from federal and part from backstage donors in a presidential election, but congressional elections are allprivate donors. Most of the money for a congres sional leader comes fromindividual donors, but they also have political action committees (interestgroups) that raise money for their campaign. Presidential candidates also raisemoney from individual donors because the federal government will match themdollar for dollar. Reform has been successful in the fact that it minimizessome fat eruct buying his or her own pet politician, but it also takes away fromthe parties, provides an advantage to wealthy challengers, gives advantages tocandidates with high ideological appeal, penalizes those who start late in thecampaign, and helps incumbents and hurts challengers.The Democratic Party has more registered voters so logically the democratsshould win. The reasons why they dont always win is because those who aredemocrats are not firmly stuck with their party like republicans are,republicans also do better with the independent voters, and more republicansactually come out and vote than democrats.Realigning elections are also known as criti cal elections. It happens when amajor party suffers such a defeat (because of a major issue that comes about andseparates the party) that it disappears or it is the shifting of voters betweenmajor parties. There has been three major realigning elections 1860, 1896,and 1932. In 1860 it was the slavery issue, in 1896 it dealt with economicissues, and in 1932 it occurred because of an economic depression. Some peoplesay we are getting ready to have one because of the effects of the virgin Deal, butothers say it wont happen again because party labels have lost their meaning.For any given party to win an election you must retain your grey-haired voters, but

Classical Liberalism VS Classical Conservatism Essay -- American Gover

Are you Republican or Democrat? Maybe you are Conservative or Liberal? What do these hurt mean and how did they begin? Classical Conservatism is defined as a policy-making philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of natural law and transcendent object lesson order.(Frohnen, Beer, and Nelson, 2006) Classical Liberalism is described as a philosophy committed to the ideal of limited government and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free marts. (Hudelson, 1999) These two ideas have shaped our philosophies and parties for centuries to come. These philosophies were made possible by many bright men of the time like Edmund Burke, John Adams, John Locke and Adam Smith. Classical conservativism or conventional conservatism, Burkean conservatism, and Toryism, is a party that has re-expressed their convections to fit the time. (Frohnen, Beer, and Nelson, 2006) In classical conservatism, many parties have adapted th eir view points. One of the first parties in American that adapted the philosophies of conservatism was the Whigs. The Whigs opposed monarchial power, advocated internal reform of administration, and freedom under the law. They believed in balancing orders in the common wealth and religious toleration. (Kirk, 1953) One person highly recognise for his work in the public sector for conservatism was Edmund Burke. Edmund Burke was born January 12, 1729 in Dublin, Ireland, and died July 9, 1797 in Beaconsfield, England. (Lock, 1999) During his sixty-eight years, he was a very smart and goodish man He was an Irish statesman, author, orator, and political theorist and philosopher. Edmund Burke was known for supporting the American Revolution simply opposing the Fr... ...ssical conservatives are scared of it, but they do know that is needed with some restrictions, or as modern liberals would say, safety nets, lots and lots of safety nets. Classical liberals love the free market system because of what it can do for the economy and society. Classical liberalism and classical conservatism are closely based as seen by Edmund Burke who was admired for his political philosophies from both classical liberalism and classical conservatism. Yet, with any group of people, not everyone is going to agree, and parties form even if it over a small issue. Consider the christian faith, on that point are many different denominations because of the beliefs in minor doctrine, but they all believe that Jesus is the Son of God, like the classical liberals and classical conservatives believe in the Constitution. So, what party are you in?

Lady Macbeth Essay -- essays research papers

Discuss whether or not you feel sympathy for Lady MacbethThere be certain aspects of Lady Macbeths character that suggests she is good and therefore her d makefall increases my sympathy for her by the end of act 5. But I would also show that she entailed evil to fuel her sleeping ambition that would make her nemesis, her mental collapse, fully justified.Lady Macbeths role as a supporting wife at the start of the play exceeds the duties of a normal wife. She is the Eve to Macbeths Adam and is tempted. Although Macbeth hints at the idea of taking the crown in his letter home, it is Lady Macbeths ruthless determination to make him king that persuaded him to murder Duncan. Did she do this in the interests of Macbeth or was it to fulfil her own ambition? I would argue that it was to fulfil her own ambition because she decided straight away that murder was the best option to take with let on any regard to guilt, in this view I have no sympathy for Lady Macbeth because it is a sign of he r inner evilness.To use the murder of King Duncan Lady Macbeth calls upon the spirits that tend on mortal thoughts. She evokes evil to commit the deed and loses her identity I would then argue that if she has lost her identity then she has lost her soul and that, in my opinion, makes her a monster. This is illustrated by her willingness to dash the brains out of her baby, if she had one. The loss of her feminine qualities exemplifies her knowledge of the consequences of kill...

Plane Nuts :: essays research papers

Plane NutsThe duration was May 26, 2005, and was a day that my life would change forever. I walked step to the fore of the fledge attendant group interview session (a cattle call if you will) with a rock-steady feeling. Now, I played the waiting game, will I or wont I receive a letter in the charge inviting me to instruct. What seemed like an eternity, in actuality was a week, I received the letter. I ran upstairs to my apartment, and on the way up noticed it was a very thin envelope. I opened the letter with a scrap of hesitation and read the outgrowth line. Congratulations Daniel Shultz, you have been accepted into training class 9-01 starting June 13th, 2001I was ecstatic and already packing. Training was in Indianapolis, the core of boredom as I came to find out later. Training was six weeks long and brutal. My airline, American TransAir has the second toughest training in the industry. On graduation day, I was happy to finally go home for a few days before moving to S an Francisco, my new base. marvelous proved to be a tough month. My first flight was a 16 hour day. The flight was San Francisco-Honolulu-Maui-San Francisco. Of course, this makes sense, sending a first time flight attendant on a 15 hour work day. complimentary to say, I learned very quickly from the experienced crew. The people were very demanding, impart me a pillow, bring me playing cardsAfter that day, I was like, ask me a gun.My first angry customer came on in Maui. He was an grave man of near 50 years old and had horrendous sunburn. He had given the flight attendant in the front grief already about the plane being late. He, of course was sitting in my section. I walked by him and he uttered Gosh, you know what would make me happy, if he these seat were a bit bigger. I gave a sympathetic glance and agreed with him. What did he want me to do about it, get out my Handy Man kit up and make the chairs bigger? My first year of a flight tending was like an actors school. I had to keep a face of uniform uplifting emotions. I am a confrontational person and in that year learned to grin and bear it. I wasnt very good at first. For example, I was picking up trash on a New York flight and turned to the lady and said Trash, she gasped and said contend you.Plane Nuts essays research papers Plane NutsThe date was May 26, 2005, and was a day that my life would change forever. I walked out of the flight attendant group interview session (a cattle call if you will) with a good feeling. Now, I played the waiting game, will I or wont I receive a letter in the mail inviting me to training. What seemed like an eternity, in actuality was a week, I received the letter. I ran upstairs to my apartment, and on the way up noticed it was a very thin envelope. I opened the letter with a bit of hesitation and read the first line. Congratulations Daniel Shultz, you have been accepted into training class 9-01 starting June 13th, 2001I was ecstatic and already packing. Trainin g was in Indianapolis, the core of boredom as I came to find out later. Training was six weeks long and brutal. My airline, American TransAir has the second toughest training in the industry. On graduation day, I was happy to finally go home for a few days before moving to San Francisco, my new base. August proved to be a tough month. My first flight was a 16 hour day. The flight was San Francisco-Honolulu-Maui-San Francisco. Of course, this makes sense, sending a first time flight attendant on a 15 hour work day. Needless to say, I learned very quickly from the experienced crew. The people were very demanding,Bring me a pillow, bring me playing cardsAfter that day, I was like, Bring me a gun.My first angry customer came on in Maui. He was an obese man of about 50 years old and had horrendous sunburn. He had given the flight attendant in the front grief already about the plane being late. He, of course was sitting in my section. I walked by him and he uttered Gosh, you know what wou ld make me happy, if he these seat were a bit bigger. I gave a sympathetic glance and agreed with him. What did he want me to do about it, get out my Handy Man kit and make the chairs bigger? My first year of a flight attending was like an actors school. I had to keep a face of constant uplifting emotions. I am a confrontational person and in that year learned to grin and bear it. I wasnt very good at first. For example, I was picking up trash on a New York flight and turned to the lady and said Trash, she gasped and said Fuck you.

Plans for College and the Future :: College Admissions Essays

Plans for College and the FutureWhat will I do for the rest of my life? Every person asks this question at some stage of their life, ordinarily during their later teenage years. As a high school junior, I am now asking myself this question. After considerable thought, I have devised a tentative plan for my future. I realize that some of these plans and goals may change over time, but with a plan, the first steps of the journey can begin. To mug up me for the journey, I have taken very challenging high school curriculum, such as Honors and Advanced Placement courses. These classes will not only suffice in my admission to college, but have also helped me to develop strong study skills and time management.While attending college, it is my ultimate goal to become a doctor, either a podiatrist, radiologist, or plastic surgeon. I intend to earn my undergraduate degree at the University of Florida, majoring in chemistry. Then, I plan to attend aesculapian school at the University of Flo rida, as well. After completing a residency in my specialty, I would like to begin a medical practice somewhere in central Florida. Very important to my life after completing my education is having a family. It is my dream to become happily married and have children. Family has continuously been a great part of my life, and I wish to be a loving husband and parent. I am also looking forward to facelift my children in the Catholic faith.As an adult, I have numerous personal goals. Most importantly, I would like to own a home. Also, I would like to keep an eye on my interests of water-sports by owning a boat and my long hump of cars by owning a sports car. Other personal interests that will affect my years after college are my love for the outdoors and the thrill of traveling to many new places throughout the world.As an educated professional in my community, I would like to make a section to society and my community. My background in hours of community service has prepared me fo r this and shown me its value.

Plans for College and the Future :: College Admissions Essays

Plans for College and the FutureWhat get out I do for the rest of my life? Every person asks this question at some stage of their life, usually during their later teenage old age. As a high school junior, I am now asking myself this question. After abundant thought, I have devised a tentative plan for my future. I realize that some of these plans and goals may change over time, but with a plan, the first stairs of the journey can begin. To prepare me for the journey, I have taken very challenging high school curriculum, such as Honors and Advanced Placement courses. These classes will not only assist in my admission to college, but have besides helped me to develop strong study skills and time management.While attending college, it is my last-ditch goal to become a doctor, either a podiatrist, radiologist, or plastic surgeon. I intend to earn my undergraduate degree at the University of Florida, majoring in chemistry. Then, I plan to attend medical school at the University of Fl orida, as well. After completing a residency in my specialty, I would wish to begin a medical practice somewhere in central Florida. Very important to my life after completing my education is having a family. It is my dream to become happily married and have children. Family has always been a great part of my life, and I wish to be a loving husband and parent. I am also looking forward to raising my children in the Catholic faith.As an adult, I have numerous personal goals. Most importantly, I would like to own a home. Also, I would like to pursue my interests of water-sports by owning a boat and my long love of cars by owning a sports car. Other personal interests that will affect my years after college are my love for the outdoors and the thrill of traveling to many new places throughout the world.As an educated professional in my community, I would like to make a contribution to society and my community. My background in hours of community service has prepared me for this and sh own me its value.

Kubler Ross Essay

The Kubler-Ross model is based on five stages of grief. These are five emotional stages that someone toilet experience when faced with death or some other loss. The five stages are Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression and Acceptance. Kubler-Ross noted that these stages are not meant to be a nab list of all possible emotions that could be felt, and they can occur in any order. Reactions to loss and grief are as different as each(prenominal) mortal experiencing them. We spend different lengths of time working through each step and express each stage much or less intensely.We lots move between stages before achieving a to a greater extent peaceful acceptance of death. more of us do not achieve this final stage of grief. Many people do not experience the stages in the order listed below, which is okay. The key to understanding the stages is not to feel like you must go through either one of them, in precise order. Instead, its more helpful to look at them as guides in the grievi ng process it helps you understand and put into scene where you are. Denial One of the first reactions to follow a loss or news of an impending loss is Denial.What this means is that the person is trying to shut bulge out the reality or magnitude of their situation. It is a defence mechanism that buffers the immediate shock. We block out the words and hide from the facts. This is a temporary response that carries us through the first wave of pain. Anger As the effects of denial begin to wear, reality and its pain re-emerge. We are not ready Because of anger, the person is rattling difficult to care for due to misplaced feelings of rage and envy. Anger can manifest itself in different ways.People can be angry with themselves, or with others, and especially those who are close to them. Anger whitethorn be directed at our dying or deceased loved one. Rationally, we know the person is not to be blamed. Emotionally, however, we may resent the person for causing us pain or for leavi ng us. We feel guilty for being angry, and this get aheads us even more angry. It is important to remain detached and nonjudgmental when dealing with a person experiencing anger from grief. Bargaining The third stage involves the hope that the individual can someway undo or suspend a cause of grief.The normal reaction to feelings of helplessness and vulnerability is often a need to regain control. Secretly, we may make a deal with God or a higher power in an attempt to postpone the inevitable. This is a weaker line of defence to protect us from the painful reality. Psychologically, the individual is saying, I understand I will die, but I am not ready, if I could just do something to buy more time People facing less serious trauma can bargain or seek to negotiate a compromise. For example Can we let off be friends? when facing a break-up.Bargaining rarely provides a sustainable solution, especially if it is a matter of life or death. Depression The grieving person begins to und erstand the lack of control over the situation. Much like the existential concept of The Void, the idea of living becomes pointless. Things begin to lose meaning to the griever. Because of this, the individual may become silent, refuse visitors and spend much of the time crying and sullen. This process allows the grieving person to disconnect from things of love and affection, possibly in an attempt to avoid further trauma.It is natural to feel sadness, regret, fear, and uncertainty when exit through this stage. Feeling these emotions shows that the person has begun to accept the situation. Acceptance In this last stage, individuals begin to come to toll with what has happened or what will happen. This typically comes with a calm, retrospective view for the individual, and a stable mindset but reaching this stage of mourning is a sacrifice not afforded to everyone. Death may be sudden and unexpected or we may never see beyond our anger or denial.This phase is mark by withdrawal and calm. This is not a period of happiness and must be distinguished from depression. Coping with loss is a ultimately a deeply personal and singular experience nobody can help you go through it more easily or understand all the emotions that youre going through. But others can be there for you and help comfort you through this process. The best thing you can do is to allow yourself to feel the grief as it comes over you. Resisting it only will prolong the natural process of healing.

College Life Unfolded

Many students who graduated in high check ar so eager In entering the portals of college life. They think that college is more than on good times, more on easy and free from stresses tasks and more. But college Is the exact antagonist of what are mentioned. Instead of happy moments, college Is full of pressure and tormenting tasks because at this point In time, you are being equipped with the necessary competencies needed in the cogitation of specialization you have chosen. College students have to mingle with great deal of stress.And, as a college student, this is what I am experiencing right now. After graduating in high school, I in reality had this Jolt of excitement in entering college. I had these great expectations that more enjoyable scenes allow for come into my way. I am excited to ensure new people, as well as experience its new atmosphere. On my low week as a first year college student, I quarter say that It was non that difficult. My teachers are tackling the topics we discussed before In high school and I found It quite manageable.Then, as days go by, I realise that we are Just given time to prepare ourselves for more complex and difficult situations. Things are clear to me now, what I am experiencing right now is non the college I have pictured before. New people mean getting along with terror teachers. I came to the point where I really had to weigh things. It is really challenging to choose which among your priorities should be done first. I have to be careful in managing my schedule because a tiny error may extirpate everything.It is really stressful to Imagine that everyday I have tons of make-up works to do before going to sleep. Oftentimes, I forgot to eat my pabulum when I got home because I have to flash all of my assignments. What adds to the stress Is that It seems Like one day Is not enough to flash all of these paper works. I was not able to sleep early, or If I do, I need to wake up in wee hours of morning to do the a ctivities I was not able to do at night. Most of the times, college students health were put at risk because of these.I also experienced this scenario where I was not able to give ear our family gathering because I need to practice for our presentation. My parents get mad at me whenever I go to somewhere places even though I have no classes. I cant help doing household chores because I need to study for my report. It is really difficult to do your responsibilities at home and at school at the similar time. Enjoying and bonding with friends, In college, Is Like walking on the road full of stones and gravels with thorns and thistles.I have a little time In enjoying unalike extracurricular actively. Though, the school has many actively for students, I still have difficulty in enjoying all of those because whats in my mind is the submission of activities because of the fear that if I do, I will get a failing grade. Most of the times, I feel like I am socially isolated because of my o verlapping schedules. Being unable to et their expectations bugs me around of the time. As a college student, I often left with no time to myself because of school works.No time to fix yourself well because you are really pressured on accomplishing your tasks. College is not a place where we can do what we want to do easily. College life is not as easy as what we think. We have to warm ourselves up first so that we will not get flabbergasted when storms of school works arrive. Tertiary level is the most critical stage of learning. At this point, training is more intense and learning is more complex. You have to get along with what this stage has rendered because it will help o a lot in industry exposure.College has wads of benefits to give. It develops our confidence in facing different kinds of people. It also teaches us to be self-directed, to learn things by our own. It makes us more mature in facing the different obstacles in life. College has many rewards to give as long as y ou will not get burnt out on the events soon to arrive on your way. It may be difficult but on the other side, it is worth our efforts. It is Just a matter of being patient enough. Also, always ask theology to give you the strength and skills in accomplishing all of the tasks given to you.

15 Uses of the Tooth Paste that you Never Know

Beauty Uses Toothpaste contains many roleful ingredients that can be soothing and healing to the skin. For this reason, youll be able to use toothpaste to help you with the future(a) issues 1) Pimples. Reduce redness and the size of your pimples with a dab of toothpaste. Let it sit overnight, then rinse away in the morning for a noticeable difference. 2) unannealed fingernails. Since our nails are made of the same enamel as teeth, toothpaste can do a lot to help them.Simply give your nails a good scrub with approximately oothpaste for cleaner, shinier, stronger nails. Youll also get that dirt out from underneath them in no time 3) Fly-away tomentum. A gel toothpaste is largely made with the same ingredients as sanctioned hair gels, so youll be able to substitute easily here. Just use a little dab and apply like a hair gel when needed. First Aid Uses Beyond beauty care, youll also find helpful ways to use toothpaste in that first aid kit. Keep a small tube tucked inside your kit for these emergencies 4) Bites, sores, and blisters.Apply toothpaste to areas of skin irritation to reduce tching, swelling, and irritation. Toothpaste will dry them up industriously and help them heal faster. 5) Burns. For peasant burns with no open sores, a quick toothpaste application can give you instant relief. The cooling properties get to work right away, relieving that painful sting. In the long-term, toothpaste will keep the burn from becoming a painful, oozing blister. 6) Bruises. For large bruises that take forever to fade, use a little toothpaste and a wide-tooth disinvolve.Apply the toothpaste and gently comb the bruise in one direction o break up the blood clotting beneath the skin. Toothpaste helps with circulation and fghts off the inflammation. Fashion Uses the average tube of toothpaste. form these a try 7) Jewelry cleaner. Before you pay for someone else to clean it, rub toothpaste onto your silver Jewelry and leave it overnight, the wipe it clean with a koo ky stuff. Give a light scrubbing to your diamonds to see them sparkle again, Just be sure to rinse thoroughly. Avoid using toothpaste on pearls. Show care.Scuffed or dirty shoes can look new again with a little toothpaste. Apply it irectly to the dull, dirty, or scuffed parts of the shoe, scrub with a brush, and wipe them clean. Ta-da 9) garb stains. Tough stains will disappear with a little toothpaste and some brisk scrubbing. Squeeze it right on the stain and rub until it disappears, then wash as normal. If using whitening toothpaste, be advised that this can have a bleaching effect on some colors and fabrics. Household uses Toothpaste can save you bullion around the house by helping with some very basic tasks 10) Computer cleaner.Scrub away fingerprints from your keyboard with a white, aking soda-based toothpaste. Follow up with a damp cloth and your keys are good as new 1 1) Iron cleaner. Take away the crusties from the bottom of your clothes iron with a quick toothpaste rin se. Just be sure to remove all the toothpaste before you start ironing again. 12) Baby feeding bottles. To freshen up baby bottles and remove that sour-milk smell, put some toothpaste on your bottle scrubber and give them a quick wash. Always rinse them very well afterwards. 13) Piano keys.Like computer keys, piano keys get grubby with repeated use from the irt, oil, and grime on our fingertips. Use a damp cloth and some toothpaste to rub down the keys, then wipe them clean with a dry cloth. 14) wax crayon stains. Undo your kids damage to the walls with a damp cloth and some toothpaste. Rub it in gentle circles and watch the crayon fade away. 1 5) Odor removal. subsequently cooking with stinky foods in the kitchen (fish, garlic, onions, etc. ), getting the smell out of the skin is a challenge. Wash your hands thoroughly with water and toothpaste for a quick and easy remedy.

Marketing Principles Essay

1.1 Explain the various elements of the marketing process.Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offers that consecrate honor for customer, clients, partners and society at boastfully. (Williams, 2013)Marketing ProcessSituation analysis focuses more on the realizable opportunities that will satisfy a customers expect. This depends on how the product green goddess influence the a specific environment and how the product shadower control you a specific group you want to put. It is being long-familiar with the SWOT forces.Marketing strategies is a process that specifies the information of the market to obtain its effectiveness. Segmentation involves dividing the market into groups, where individuals founder similar needs and wants for services and products. It could also be a segmentation of people on the basis of deportment, culture and economic status. (Rajeev, 2012)Targeting also known as the ta rget market is the possible drop consumers of a product/service. Targeting helps tap the subset of the customer population most likely to purchase and use the product to effectively achieve maximum sales and profits. (Johnson, 2012)Positioning is how you want to be perceived in the minds of prospects versus your competition. It is also creating a positive image in the minds of the target market.Value Proposition pertains on how you want your consumers distinguish you from your competitors and make it unadorned you are the best available choice. This marketing strategy summarizes what makes your product/service unique as it links to addressing specific customer decision making criteria. It moldiness be all about whats important to them your prospects. (Core Marketing Strategies, 2013)Market conflate decision is a general phrase used to describe the different kinds of choices organizations beat to make in the whole process of bringing a product or service to market. The 4 Ps i s the best known way of de keep backate marketing flow (P.1) Product refers to any services or conveniences that are part of the offering. (P.2) Pricing should retort into account profit margins and the probable determine response of competitors. (P-3) Place is associated with channels of distribution that serve as the means for getting the product to the target consumers. (P-4) Promotions are those related to communicating and selling to the potential consumers. This includes advertising, public relations, media types, etc. (Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc., 1999-2010)1.2 Evaluate the benefits and costs of marketing orientation for a selected organization.Jollibee is our chosen food organization. It is the largest fast food fibril in the Philippines, operating a nationwide network of over 750 stores. It is a dominant market leader in the Philippines.It is a family oriented work environment, the inciters values also reflect on their advertising and marketing. Jollibee knows their target audience very headspring the traditional family and all communication materials focus on the importance of family values.Jollibee is so well-loved every time a new store opens, e supererogatoryly overseas. It is a stronghold of heritage and monument of Filipino pride. (Jollibee Foods Corporation, 2013)The primary target market of Jollibee are Filipino kids ages 3-10y/o, teens ranging 11-21y/o can either be male or female Filipino families take down the senior citizen. Social classes C, D and E and those looking for budget-friendly quick meals.In comparison from Maslows hierarchy of needs, eating in a fast-food chain w/o asking for specie makes an individual happy, falls under self-actualization needs. Eating in Jollibee with family and friends makes people feel loved and accepted. That is a social need or feeling the sense of belongingness and love. Lastly, the need to satisfy ones hunger and in magnitude to survive, it is the physiolog ical need on an individual.The target market prefers Jollibee because the food are unique and has an appealing experiment, foods can be easily served, foods are affordable, there a lots of variants the people can choose from, the mileau is very homey, the customer service is very family-oriented, and families, friends and colleagues can enjoy this together. beingness the pioneer in fast-food industry, Jollibee had the majority in the marketing opportunity. Jollibee was able to capture 65% of the market share in hamburger market in the Philippines. The JFC describe 82 billion pesos by the end of 2011. Based on the annual report of JFC, Jollibee earned 50 billion pesos revenue on 2011. (Esberto, 2012)The product offered by Jollibee appeals to the Filipinos taste for spicy burgers. By concentrating its resources on satisfying the Filipino palate, Jollibee has been able to serve localized dishes that are unlikely found in other fast-food chain in the Philippines. In addition to that, offering the usual French fries that accompany the meals found in McDonalds, KFC, Burger King and so forth.Jollibee also serves rice or spaghetti, Filipino style Even the burgers are cooked exactly as Filipinos want them done- sweeter and with more seasonings, often likened to what a Filipino mother would cook at home. It even incorporated recipes from employees to truly capture local tastes.The companys phenomenal growth owes much to its strict and committed adherence to high standards as symbolized by F.S.C Food (F) served to the public must neat the companys excellence standards or it will not be served at all the Service (S) must be fast and courteous and Cleanliness , from kitchen to utensils, must always be of importtained.As for pricing, it is about related to customer satisfaction. Thus, JFC provides its high quality fast-food products at a relatively cheaper price. According to its commitment to serve each and every Filipino, Jollibee keeps things affordable at all. T he DLSU SSURVEY shows that, 94% of Jollibees customers pretend its affordable or cheaper.Figure 1 Benefit Positioning vs. Brand MatrixThe location of outlet is of mainstay importance to the marketing strategy of Jollibee. It has established a large number of outlets to call forth that they care about the accessibility of fast-food outlet and 72% is satisfied that Jollibee maintained it very well. Overseas, the outlet in Hong Kong is located at Central where a large number of Filipinos gather. It is an example of Jollibees good placing strategy.Recently, to capture more share from their customers wallet, Jollibee introduced home service. Loyal customers, for some reason who cant get out of home but want to have a bite of Jollibee, can now avail their products via phone call. They also provide drive-thrus for their customers who are in a rush and cant get out of their car and line-up.Jollibee management carefully selects their franchisors to make sure they can meet its standard. To be a franchisee of Jollibee, one has to invest 15-30 million pesos.Brands in local market are strong contenders and not to be underestimated. Jollibee often have the return of intimate knowledge of consumer tastes and consumer preference through local pride. Jollibee used the wave of nationalist pride to promote a Filipino brand of hamburger. This strategy met with vast success.Investing in socio-civic programs designed to serve its host communities further secured Jollibees position as a Filipino company for the Filipinos. Advocacy campaigns such as the early Christmas drive ma-Aga ang pasko sa Jollibee, again endorsed by Aga Muhlach, the poverty housing project with habitat.For humanity, the Kaya Mo Yan Kid Campaign, it encourages kids to show their potentials that will contribute to the companys overall success, not only with its customers but with all its stakeholders.Family is a key component for Jollibees promotion. They just simply dont want to add food and service but they wanted to be a part of every Filipino family. Its quality customer service of being family-oriented is one key to their success. While McDonalds promotion focuses on the empowerment of young adults to enjoy life by means of eating their products.Jollibees rapid growth is out-of-pocket to its superior bill of fare line-up, creative marketing programs, and efficient manufacturing and logistics facilities. It is made executable by well-trained teams that work in a culture of integrity and humility, fun and family-like environment.As a corporate citizen, Jollibee is also committed to give back to its host communities through meaningful and lasting socio-civic projects. (Sakib, 2011)Jollibee was able to attain a competitive expediency in the Philippines over McDonalds by doing following things Jollibee was the first to enter the market. It was able to retain tight control over operations management, which allowed it to price at a lower place its competitor. And, it had the flex ibility to cater to the tastes of its local consumers.From the very beginning Jollibee Foods Corporation had focused on delivering quality food and service at an affordable cost to the customers. This had been possible only due to excellent operational control. Jollibee enjoyed a dominant position in the fast food market in Philippines until McDonalds entered the market. They focused on their main asset, their knowledge of taste and preferences of the local population. (Andrew, 2011) 2.1 Show macro and micro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions.The marketing environment consists of all the actors and forces outside marketing that yarn-dye the marketing managements ability to develop and maintain successful relationships with its target customers. Though these factors and forces may vary depending on the specific company and industrial group, they can generally be divided into broad micro environmental and macro environmental components.micro environmental comp onents areCompany-top management is responsible for mise en scene the companys mission, objectives, broad strategies, and policies. Marketing managers must make decisions within the parameters established by top management. Marketing managers must also work closely with other company departments. Areas such as finance, R & D, purchasing, manufacturing, and accounting all produce better results when aligned by common objectives and cultivations. All departments must think consumer if the firm is to be successful. The goal is to provide superior customer value and satisfaction.Suppliers-are firms and individuals that provide the resources needed by the company and its competitors to produce goods and services. They are an important concern in the companys overall customer value delivery system.Marketing channel firms (intermediaries)-firms that help the company to promote, sell, and distribute its goods to final bribeer.Customer markets-consumer markets, individuals and households that buy goods and services for personal consumption. Business markets, those who buy goods and services for further processing or for use in their production process. Re marketer markets, those who buy goods and services in order to resell them at a profit. Government markets, agencies that buy goods and services in order to produce public services or transfer them to those that need them. outside(a) markets, buyers of all types in foreign countriesCompetitors-A company must secure a strategic advantage over competitors by positioning their offerings to be successful in the marketplace. No single competitive strategy is best for all company.Publics Any group that has an actual or potential come to in or touch on on an organizations ability to achieve its objectives. A company should prepare a marketing plan for all of their major publics as well as their customer markets.Macro environmental components are thought to beDemographic-the study of human populations in terms of size , density, location, age, sex, race occupation, and other statistics. It is of major interest to marketers because it involves people and people make up markets. Demographic trends are constantly changingEconomic-those factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending patterns.Natural-natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activitiesTechnological-forces that create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunitiesPolitical-laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence and limit various organizations and individuals in a given society. Various forms of legislation regulate businessCultural forces-institutions and other forces that affect societys basic values, perceptions, preferences, and doingss. genuine cultural characteristics can affect marketing decision-makingThe wise marketing manager knows that he or she cannot always affect environmental forces. However, smart managers can take a pr oactive, rather than reactive, approach to the marketing environment. (Kotler, 2012)2.2 Propose segmentation criteria to be used for products in different markets.To ensure that the market segments that have been constructed by the firm, they must meet the basic requirements and guidelines, which will make them usable segments and potential target markets. (Market Segmentation Study Guide, 2012)An ideal market segment meets all of the following criteria (1) It is possible to measure, (2) it must be large enough to earn profit, (3) it must be stable enough that it does not vanish after some time, (4) it is possible to progress potential customers via the organizations promotion and distribution channel, (5) it is internally homogeneous (potential customers in the same segment prefer the same product qualities, (6) it is externally heterogeneous, that is, potential customers from different segments have different quality preferences, (7) it responds consistently to a given market sti mulus, (8) it can be reached by market intervention in a cost-effective manner and (9) it is useful in deciding on the marketing mix. (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 2013)2.3 Choose a targeting strategy for a selected product or service.Kitchner had the goal of making Jollibee one of the worlds top ten fast food brands by the year 2000. In his plan to increase international expansion, he implemented two strategies, targeting expats and planting the flag. His plan of targeting expats allows the company transition into an unfamiliar market much easier because expatriate Filipinos working in other countries could relate to Jollibees. Though there is a huge risk of targeting a narrow segment, Jollibees local success allows for momentum to generate the expansion and growth of the company. However, Kitchner readily found out that this market was limited and that not all the overseas Filipinos were potential customers. (Paul, 2011)On the other hand, Kitchners decision to plant the flag is to leverage Jollibees competitive advantage by entering new geographic market, his rapid expansion strategy was unfocused and poorly executed. He also miss to consider the large transaction costs associated with establishing markets in new countries. Kitchners desire to be first-mover in a number of small, undeveloped markets would not have brought the prestige needed to win the firm better partners. Planting the flag only showed that Jollibee knew how to repeat its success. In order to compete on the level with multinationals, Jollibee would have to take its performance to the next step and prove that it could continue to build its competitive advantage. (Tran, 2005)2.4 Demonstrate how buyer behavior affects marketing activities in different purchasing situations.Buying behavior is made up of the internal and external factors that explain why consumers buy and use certain products or services. This type of behavior can affect the marketing strategy that a business employs to promote its products, and when this behavior is analyzed, it can guide a business toward better marketing strategies and methods that it might not have originally used.Supply and Demand is one of the basic economic theories that drive marketing of which consists of a ratio surrounded by the amounts of supply versus the amount of gather up for that supply. Two supply and demand situations can majorly affect the type of marketing you employ for your goods. These situations include when a product or service is in abounding supply and demand is scarce or when a product or service is scarce and there is increased demand for it.Routine buying behavior is the programmed response that consumers may have to certain types of products. Usually these products are not expensive, such as cars or computers, and can include anything that is commonly bought on a week-to-week basis.Complex Decision-Making is another type of buyer behavior which is usually associated with high-end, expensive or sca rce products such as diamonds, fine wine or automobiles. This behavior often comes with high involvement on the consumers part in that he will generally want to thoroughly research the product and differences between brands before he makes a decision on which one to buy.Internal Factors that marketers need to be aware of can also affect a consumers buying process. These elements personal, psychological and social guide buying behaviors and consumption patterns and can be a valuable tool to creating better marketing strategies on the sellers side. For example, a consumer may opt for a specific brand of cola because of provocative advertising that may make that consumer feel sexy for alcohol addiction it, versus buying another brand of cola that uses nonsexual advertising. Delivering the feeling you want experienced when a consumer uses your product is imperative to a good marketing mix of strategies. (Vogt, 1999-2013)2.5 Positioning selected product/service.Ensuring high traffic n eeds an emphasis on store location and positioning Jollibee in the minds of the consumers as a place where they can enjoy eating fast food. This entails proper branding and positioning of the services/products offered.Jollibee Foods Corporation brought to everyones lips the promise of LANGHAP SARAP (smells so good so it must taste good)Jollibee also projected itself as a world-class brand by expanding its market overseas. Its nationalist view is a key fact. Personnel at Jollibee excrete with customers in local language rather than English unlike to its competitor such as McDonalds.It provides more homely environment than competitors with tailored food menu to meet the local peoples needs. Jollibee is a super place for children that has ever been. Children can come with their parents and play here while being served with special items made for them. Also, Jollibee facilitates party arrangements for its consumers.Thus, the value proposition of Jollibee that distinguished it from its competitors is, Jollibee provide special Philippines meal at a cheaper price in a very much homely environment and is a place where people come for joy. (Sakib, 2011)BibliographyAndrew, 2011. Jollibee Case Study Analysis Research Paper. Online Available at http//www.allfreepapers.com/print/JollibeeCase-Study-Analysis/1794.html Accessed 6 February 2013.Anon., 2013. Wikipedia. OnlineAvailable at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jollibee_Foods_Corporation Accessed 2 February 2013.Anon., 2013. Imperial College London. OnlineAvailable at http//www3.imperial.ac.uk/capitalprojects/projectprocedures/processes/pm/1.40 Accessed 2 February 2013.Core Marketing Strategies, 2013. Business Marketing Plan. Online Available at http//www.coremarketingstrategies.com/business-marketing-plan.html Accessed January 2013.Esberto, E. F., 2012. 10 Steps Marketing Plan of Jollibee Foods Corportation. Online Available at http//www.slideshare.net/ElainroseEsberto/10-steps-marketing-plan-jollibee Accessed 6 Februar y 2013.Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc., 1999-2010. The Marketing Mix. Online Available at http//www.quickmba.com/marketing/mix/Accessed January 2013.Johnson, P., 2012. Buzzle. OnlineAvailable at http//www.buzzle.com/articles/target-marketing-strategy.html Accessed January 2013.Jollibee Foods Corporation, 2013. About Us Jollibee. Online Available at http//www.jollibee.com.ph/about-usAccessed 2 February 2013.Jollibee Foods Corporation, 2013. About us Jollibee Foods Corporation. Online Available at http//www.jollibee.com.ph/about-usAccessed 1 February 2013.Kotler, P., 2012. Marketing Micro and Micro Environment. Online Available at http//www.scribd.com/doc/22543929/Marketing-Micro-and-Macro-Environment Accessed 6 February 2013.Market Segmentation Study Guide, 2012. Criteria for Effective Segmentation. Online Available at http//www.segmentationstudyguide.com/understanding-market-segmentation/criteria-for-effective-market-segmentation/ Accessed 6 Februa ry 2013.Paul, 2011. Case Study Jollibee Foods Corporation (A) planetary Expansion. Online Available at http//allbestessays.com/Business/Case-Study-Jollibee-Foods-Corporation/11945.html Accessed 6 February 2013.Rajeev, L., 2012. Buzzle. OnlineAvailable at http//www.buzzle.com/articles/market-segmentation-strategy.html Accessed January 2013.Sakib, N., 2011. Jollibee Foods Corporation. OnlineAvailable at http//www.docstoc.com/docs/88862150/Jollibee-Foods-Corporation Accessed 6 February 2013.Sakib, N., 2011. Jollibee Foods Corporation. OnlineAvailable at http//www.docstoc.com/docs/88862150/Jollibee-Foods-Corporation Accessed 6 February 2013.Tran, M. A., 2005. proJollibee. OnlineAvailable at https//docs.google.com/ stunner?a=v&q=cachedJ58omTFofYJwww.ocf.berkeley.edu/matran/Files/proJollibee.doc+&hl=en&gl=ph&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShpGDHLcTB5xTtp6Jn_o7VQ9T3biGQO2otrRWvxB4rP8lNMSAh6IeiwzPsfhq83y3bV931_rOjRLigmb014tYUI-A8YGpkNcAMKFQMPbbNd9cbzqt3h6T Accessed 6 February 2013.Vogt, C., 1999-2013. How the Buyers Behavior Affects Marketing Activities. Online Available at http//www.ehow.com/info_8749189_buyers-behavior-affects-marketing-activities.html Accessed 7 February 2013.Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 2013. Market Segmentation Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 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Investigating how Businesses work Essay

IntroductionFor this assignment I am investigating how attach and Spencer plc works, and I testamenting look at its aims and objectives, functional areas, practice law, conversation methods and organisational grammatical construction of the community. label and Spencer is a publicly owned comp any in the retail sector. It is in the retail indus afflict and is a erect company. The company has been running for many years. mark and Spencer is one of the UKs leading retailers of clothing, foods, homeware and financial works. It serves 10 million nodes a week over 300 UK stores.Aims and objectivesAll businesses fool aims, this upholds them achieve and r individu each(prenominal)(prenominal)y their targets to collapse their business successful.Therefore tag and Spencers aim is to attract the customers with appealing, superior quality products at attractive prices. They do this by creating exclusive products for the customers. The company aims to put the customer setoff in e precisething they do and offer the highest values of customer care in order to satisfy them.In order to achieve the aims, businesses need to decide what objectives to take to help them. According to tag and Spencers objectives are to1. Deliver the agreed minimum customer service standards2. Carry out and develop fresh systems3. Reduce theft and loss4. Create a visu ally exciting store5. Permit pile6. cleanse effectiveness through managing risk7. Recruit the sound quite a little to provide service standards8. Deliver customer focused trainingFunctional AreasIn large businesses people work as a team in order to help the business run smoothly and in effect, they work together in divergent functional areas which relate to them.Businesses have these functional areas to help them achieve their aims and objectives.I will be looking at four functional areas, which are1. mankinde Resources2. Finance3. Marketing and gross cut-rate sales4. AdministrationHuman ResourcesHuman Resource s are involved with the staffs that work for the company. The staffs in this area are important because they are part responsible for keeping the business successful.The Human Resources staffs are involved in* Recruitment* Working conditions* Health and safety* Training and development* Employee organisations and conglutinationsRecruitmentVa female genitalscies for Marks and Spencer are mainly advertised in recruitment agencies, local or national newspaper, local traffic centres and careers offices. Marks and Spencer has a company policy to reaction to every application sent. These applications are filed for 3 months and then are destroyed so applicants will have to reapply every 12 weeks.There are triple ways to apply for a position in store steering. You must be every a graduate/undergraduate with a degree or HND and GCSE Maths and English grade C+. For school or college leavers, with A Levels and GCSE Maths and English C+.Marks and Spencer look for people with high standards , who will enjoy working in the retail environment and they look for people who are good with customers or at customer service and people who will work harmoniously in a team.Working ConditionsMarks and Spencer has several of working conditions, these intromit holiday entitlement, hours of work, pay etc.All staff, including temporary and permanent, is entitle to a holiday each year. This holiday entitlement runs from April 1st to March 31st. You can take a holiday if you have a contract of 13 weeks or more(prenominal).Marks and Spencer has a store policy that all staff should plan and book their holiday in advance because the store operates on a send-off come first serve basis. They need to book their holiday before to avoid any disappointments.Health and SafetyMany health services at Marks and Spencer are provided for the staff such as the staff doctor, store dentist and smear tests for the young-bearing(prenominal) staff.The staff doctor att send aways the store regularly to help and give advice. All staff is entitled to make an appointment if they wish to down the doctor.Every 6 months the store dentist likewise attends the store for a routine check. He will recommend treatment to staff if needed. A private medical is in stock(predicate) to all permanent staff.Cervical smears are available for the female staff and wives of male employees every 3 years.Training and DevelopmentMarks and Spencer provide staff with training opportunities. The NVQ programme was one of the largest training programmes they had.At Marks and Spencer, people skills are important whoever you come into contact with, such as customers, suppliers or members of the staff.Employee Organisations and Trade UnionsThe employees do not officially have union representation, but are entitled to join a union if they wish to. The company wishes all its contacts with unions to be conducted in a decent and co-operative manner.It is illegal for management to interfere with the right of an ind ividual to belong to an independent union as defined in the Trade Union and Labour traffic routine 1976.The types of job roles in human resources are origin Title Job RoleHuman resources Managing the HR department and staff, involved withManager industrial relations and look at unions negotiations,Implementing the organisations HR policies.Training/staff Responsible for training and staff development.developmentHealth and safety Over memoriseing all the health and safety matters andOfficer monitoring strength/staffing Keeping staff records, monitoring staff welfare officeholderHR administrative Administrative work relating to the human resourcesAssistants function.FinanceBusinesses need to manage and check off the money coming in and going out of the business. They also need to understand this information in order to plan what to do next and to see if they need to make any changes.All businesses deal with* Preparing accounts* Paying wages and salaries* Obtaining capital and reso urces.The major sources of finance include back profits, dispenses, banking facilities, hire purchase/leasing and treat credits.Preparing accountsThe finance staffs at Marks and Spencer have to deal with a vomit up of activities related to checking and recording of all amounts of money received and paid. These are entered into an account each customer has.When money is being received it is banked as soon as possible and also is checked carefully and recorded against each item exchange and against each customers account.Every Business including Marks and Spencer has to pay its own bills. They will owe money for raw materials used in the correct of a product and for the services it uses.Paying wages and salariesWages and Salaries are done by a computerised procedure. Marks and Spencer pay their staff monthly reign over into their bank account, using a system called credit transfer.The companys bank transfers money to all the employees accounts.The bank keeps payroll records, whi ch shows how much each staff earns and how much they are meant to be paid, this helps the bank to transfer the right amount of money into the staff account.Obtaining capital and resourcesCapital is the money the owner puts into Marks and Spencer. This will be needed when the business starts trading. The money buys all the requirements Marks and Spencer needs. When the business starts to trade and make a profit, the profit is used to buy new stock to sell and also saved incase the company wants to buy new equipment.The job roles in finance areJob Title Job RoleFinance Director Giving advice to senior managers on the overall financialPolicy of the organisation.Financial Manager Managing the finance function and staff.Advising on financial resources.Management Producing continuous financial information forAccountant managementCredit controller Advising on credit policies. Ensuring that money owing tothe company is kept inside agreed levels.Payroll Responsible for overseeing the company payroll andAdministrator salary/wage section.Ledger Clerks Assist the chief accountant in the recording of allfinancial transactions.Marketing and salesBusinesses carry out a range of activities to identify the customers needs and then try to provide for them.These activities include* Market research* Promotion* sales promotionMarket ResearchMarks and Spencer has a separate department, which is involved with market research. Market research deals with customer feedback and external agencies. Other types of market research that are used at Marks and Spencer are through credit card, database, direct mailing, and telephone and through the customer services department. Market research can be carried out through primary and secondary research.PromotionMarks and Spencer have to decide how to promote their products, this unremarkably depends on the type of product or service they want to promoteMarks and Spencer advertise its promotion through corporate advertising, for example with se asonal products deal strawberries in the summer.The major markets are the consumer markets worldwide but Marks and Spencer find their main shoppers are middle aged, middle class and female.Sales PromotionSales promotions are campaigns, which offer additional discounts and attract customers to try a new a product. Sale promotions at Marks and Spencer include offering free samples of food, special discounts and offers. Marks and Spencer set up campaigns for a few reasons such as attracting more buyers but mainly if a new product is not change as well as it should be then the campaign is set up.The major customers for the products are the general public.The job roles involved in Marketing and Sales areJob Title Job RoleMarketing director Responsible for the overall marketing function and its aimsand objectives.Sales manager Responsible for sales staff and the achievement of salestargets, often within the UK.Advertising In charge with advertising and agency staff overManager publicit y campaign. trade manager Responsible for overseas agents and the achievement of sales targets overseas.Market Find out consumer opinions on current and proposalResearchers goods and services.Order clerks Accept and process sale ordersAdministrationThe presidency function helps a business run smoothly from day to day and keeping things up to date. It covers a moment of different tasks including* clerical work, collecting mail, keeping records, organising oppositions, responding to enquiries* Cleaning, maintenance and securityClerical workEvery day Marks and Spencer would receive telephone calls that need to be answered, mails that needs enterprisingness and replying, a list of tasks to do, visitors that arrive at the reception some without a appointment, Fax messages, documents to sort out and need to prepare and documents that need updating etc.Every morning Marks and Spencer receive a number of mails, these mails are then screen out correctly, date stamped then delivered to d ifferent departments and individual staff. Marks and Spencer also arrange for their mail to be collected to sent out at a certain clipping.Marks and Spencer receive enquiries from a variety of people, companies and also some other people from inside the organisation departments. Marks and Spencer try to answer these enquiries quickly with correct information.Marks and Spencer has a large amount of documents produce by organisations such as forms, fax/telephone messages, letters and reports. These documents are then filed and some are stored in the computer.Cleaning and maintenanceMarks and Spencer employ cleaners to do routine cleaning duties. Some employees do the basic cleaning and the others dont. If a cleaner is off sick, the supplier has to replace them as part of their contract. securityMarks and Spencer security staff are not employed by the company but by a specialist security steady. The responsibility of the firm is training and supply.The security staffs are responsibl e for patrolling the premises.The job roles involved in Administration areJob Title Job RoleAdministration Managing the administration operations of theManager organisation.Company A senior executive responsible for all legal affairs of thesecretary company, dealing with shareholders, insurance andorganising meetings.IT manager Managing all the IT requirements of the company, includingEquipment and advising on future needs.PA/secretarial Responsible for providing secretarial and administrativeStaff support, usually to senior managers.Equal opportunities and trading legislationRecruiting and keeping the right employees is important to every business. Both employers and employees have rights and responsibilities.These are safeguarded by employment law, not only by employee organisations and unions.The 4 main Acts are1. The Employment Rights Act 19962. The Sex Discrimination Act 19753. The Race Relations Act 19764. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995The Employment Rights Act 1996Th is act establishes a wide range of rights that employees have when they are being employed, for example* The right to a contract of employment must be given within two months of starting employment and must include details such as name of employee and employer, date when employment began, rate of pay and when its imputable, hours of work, sick pay etc.* All female employees have the right to maternity leave, this can be up to 29 weeks and also can return to work afterwards.* Employees have the right to take fourth dimension off to look for a new job, attending interviews and still be paid.* Employees have the right not to be unfairly dismissed.* Employees have the right to surplusage payments if an employee is dismissed because the job is no lifelong available.The Sex Discrimination Act 1975This act makes it illegal for anyone to be discriminated against someone on the grounds of gender either directly or indirectly. In employment this applies to recruitment and selection for job s and promotion, training the way you are treated in a job, dismissal and redundancy.The Race Relations Act 1976This act makes it unlawful to discriminate against people of colour, race, nationality or ethnic origin. In the track of employment it is unlawful to discriminate in the arrangements for employment, which are* In the interview or advisements* In the terms of employment* By refusing employment because of colour, race, nationality or ethnic origin.* In promotion and training* By dismissing a personThe Disability Discrimination Act 1995This act is concerned with discrimination against people with disabilities in employment. The disability may be physical, sensory or mental but must be relatively long-term. Employers must not treat a disabled person less favourable than others.Employers must be prepared to make reasonable adjustments to the workplace to help the disabled person do the job. Disabled persons who suffer discrimination can complain to an employment tribunal. downs tairs are some examples of how employees at Marks and Spencer are protected by these Acts1st exampleA female staff from Marks and Spencer was pregnant and she was due to a maternity leave as agreed on for 30 weeks, she carried on working for a couple of weeks before she was due to the leave. When she took that leave, it happened to be longer than she thought, she had to take an extra few weeks of and when she came back, the job was still there for her.2nd exampleNew black female staffs were starting work at Marks and Spencer. On her first day, she needed to be trained and taught about the health and safety matters, this had to be done by a health and safety officer from Marks and Spencer. When she met the officer, he wasnt very welcoming and didnt seem pleased. He showed her around but the woman thought he wasnt explaining very clearly and she was worried because she wouldnt know exactly what to do if there was a fire, so she reported this to the employer and it seemed that he didnt give her the full instructions, so another officer had to be arranged to train her.3rd exampleA man applied for a job at Marks and Spencer, he was unsure whether he would get the job because of his disability problem but when they called him in for an interview he was surprised. They discussed his disability problem and the arrangements for him to work, so in the end they gave him a part time job, which he was very pleased about.CommunicationPeople working in different functional areas have to communicate with each other as well as with people outside the business such as customers and suppliers. In order to keeps the business running smoothly and effectively they need to keep the other people in the business well informed, to do this they might useInternal ExternalTelephone Telephone netmail E-mailPager AdvertisementFace to face InternetAdvertisement FaxInterview LetterMemo Video conferencingNoticeIntranetMeetingMarks and Spencer Internal methods of communication to different func tional areas are the telephone, email, fax machine, verbal meetings and appointments and also video conferencing, which are used around the country to save time on travelling and costs.The management team spend a high amount of time on the sales floor visiting various sections to see supervisors and staff.Marks and Spencer external communications include letters received from the charities, they receive about 10,000 appeals for support every year.External communications also include projection work, Equal opportunities and also the company support projects, which help the elderly and the young and also people with special needs and those who require help in the members of the community. collect to the rising number of communications throughout the company, the communication problems have been encountered and one of the biggest problems has been to ensure everyone is informed. Due to the speed of the business, Marks and Spencer have to ensure that all the staffs try to ensure profes sional communication by being prepared and organised.The developments Marks and Spencer now have in mind is to improve and make communications more better through e-mail, to improve the in store telephone and the bleep systems such as changing to mobile phones and a speed dial cyberspace system.Below is a diagram showing how the functional areas communicate with each other externally and internally.Functional Type of Reason whyArea communicationHuman -Telephone ConfidentialityResources -face to face Urgent-Letter Fast and easy to use-Meeting Saves time to talk to individualsFinance -Letter Security -E-mail Confidentiality-Meeting Get feedback from people quickAdministration -Fax can be kept for future reference-Letter evidence and can be copied.-Email convenient while on the computerMarketing and -Meeting Group discussion, more ideas to shareSalesDifferent functional areas use different communicational methods to communicate with each other, this is because employers need to know w hich type of communication to use for each purpose. For example, human resources might use the telephone or letter to communicate with a different functional area because it might be privy, this way no confidential information is being reached out of the organisation. And also if a letter is being used, this can be kept for future reference and hard evidence for any purpose.Another type of communication is a meeting this can save a lot of time and can get feedback from the people at the meeting immediately. Meetings also save time on having to discuss things individually.These types of communication can help Marks and Spencer achieve their aims and objectives, one of the main aims of Marks and Spencer is to put the customers first and to offer the highest values in customer care to satisfy them.To achieve this aim, Marks and Spencer keep the flow of information within the company, they keep the right people informed with up to date information so that when customers ask for certain information it will be as accurate as possible.The Marketing and Sales functional area keep the staff informed about the current range and prices of products for the benefit of the customers. When an order is being received, they pass it on to be sorted in order. To meet the needs of the customers, the staffs listens to what customers have to say whether it is a good or bad thing and take that into account.Staff at Marks and Spencer has meetings to discuss any problems whether concerning about the customers or other matters so they can solve the problem maybe for the benefit of the customers who shop at Marks and Spencer.Organisational Structure of Marks and SpencerTo make the business run successfully without any chaos, they organise their employees in functional areas and section so they know what to do.This helps the business to make decisions and carry them out. Every business has its own way of structure.Hierarchy StructureMarks and Spencer organisational structure of the busi ness is a hierarchy structure, which is tall and has a number of levels. This type of structure may be large but also has some disadvantages as well as advantages within this structure.Below are the advantages and disadvantages.Advantages* empty job role and lines of responsibility* Each level will have different opinions so therefore more ideas* Clear pay structure* A large number of colleagues* A range of facilities* Good promotionDisadvantages* Slow communication flow. If any staffs require information, this could take time.* Slow reaction to changes and challenges because many people have to be informed whether decisions or changes were going to be made.* Staff at a lower level may feel the manager at the top has no idea what they think or doFlat StructureHere is an organisational structure of a small company.As you can see, this structure is small and does not have many levels. This type of structure is called a Flat structure. This is very much different to the Marks and Spen cer structure because Marks and Spencer is a large company.From the diagram structure we can tell that the company is rather small and has fewer levels. But there are also some advantages as well as disadvantages within this structure.Below are a list of the advantages and disadvantages of a flat structure.Advantages* Communication is quicker and more accurate* Good at responding quickly to new ideas and customer needs* Operate quite easily* Less management cost* Flexible working hoursDisadvantages* Business is small* No one to share ideas with* May experience problems with shortage of staff if business is expanding.

Sarbanes-Oxley Whistleblower

Catherine Zulfer, a former employee of playboy filed a suit against them alleging that playboy Enterprises violated provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley hazard of 2002. The former employee reports that playboy retaliated against her for refusing to participate in fallacious activity against man-about-towns sh areholders (Katz, marshall& Banks, LLP, 2013). Without receiving permission from the board of directors, Christopher Pachler, Chief Financial Officer, instructed Zulfer to gather one million dollars in bonuses for various corporate officers of the comp whatever.At that prison term Zulfer felt that Pachler was attempting to embezzle the money from the company, so she denied the request until it was approved by the board. Zulfer then informed Playboys General Counsel and the Securities and Exchange Commission of the request that was do by Pachler. Soon after Zulfer do the report, she claims that vengeance against her began. She was excluded from company meetings and discussio ns, crucial information to her position was withheld from her, and her accounting staff was diminishing (Katz, Marshall & Banks, LLP, 2013).On December 31, 2011 Zulfer was terminated, although Playboy describes it as a layoff. Issue Did Playboy violate the whistleblower-cherishion provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX)? Rule The Playboy Company retaliated against Zulter for refusing to participate in hoax regarding the playboy shareholders. down the stairs(a) the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, (SOX) one chemical formula prohibits any employer from retaliation against and employee. Another rule is that under this law employees are protected when they speak of a wrongdoing in spite of appearance the workplace.Under SOX, employers are strictly require from retaliating against employees who report illegal or unethical conduct. Employees are also protected when making disclosures about shareholder fraud or violations of SEC rules and regulations. (Halunen, p. 1, Para. 1) Analysis flip reflection Zulter dismissal was retaliation against her by the playboy company, because she reported and activity of fraud with the playboy shareholders.In this case, Zulter was continually excluded from meetings and discussions, deny crucial information she needed to study out her corporate accounting responsibilities, and eliminating corporate accounting staff. Conclusion In the end, the courts dismissed playboys rail line reaffirming that under the bylaws of (SOX) employees are protected from employees from retaliation for reporting violations of any rule of regulation of the SEC.Zulfer was protected under the SOX Act, whistle-blowers of publicly traded companies are protected. Employers are not supposed to retaliate or discriminate against employees in the terms and conditions of their employment. The plaintiff provided information regarding violations the company was participating in the violations that can be of a federal fraud statute, a rule or regulation o f the SEC, or a provision of Federal law relating to fraud against shareholders.The team agrees that Zulfer was protected under the Act and that the Act is there to lend forth more white collar crimes that would not otherwise be disclosed if the was not there to protect and compensate. SOX promotes honesty without fear, the whistle-blower provisions of the SOX Act provides a general framework for ensuring that employees (including attorneys and auditors) disclose information which may harm investors.Sarbanes-Oxley WhistleblowerCatherine Zulfer, a former employee of playboy filed a suit against them alleging that Playboy Enterprises violated provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The former employee reports that playboy retaliated against her for refusing to participate in fraudulent activity against Playboys shareholders (Katz, Marshall& Banks, LLP, 2013). Without receiving permission from the board of directors, Christopher Pachler, Chief Financial Officer, instructed Zulfe r to gather one million dollars in bonuses for various corporate officers of the company.At that time Zulfer felt that Pachler was attempting to embezzle the money from the company, therefore she denied the request until it was approved by the board. Zulfer then informed Playboys General Counsel and the Securities and Exchange Commission of the request that was made by Pachler. Soon after Zulfer made the report, she claims that retaliation against her began. She was excluded from company meetings and discussions, crucial information to her position was withheld from her, and her accounting staff was diminishing (Katz, Marshall & Banks, LLP, 2013).On December 31, 2011 Zulfer was terminated, although Playboy describes it as a layoff. Issue Did Playboy violate the whistleblower-protection provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX)? Rule The Playboy Company retaliated against Zulter for refusing to participate in fraud regarding the playboy shareholders. Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, (SOX) one rule prohibits any employer from retaliation against and employee. Another rule is that under this law employees are protected when they speak of a wrongdoing within the workplace.Under SOX, employers are strictly prohibited from retaliating against employees who report illegal or unethical conduct. Employees are also protected when making disclosures about shareholder fraud or violations of SEC rules and regulations. (Halunen, p. 1, Para. 1) Analysis Append reflection Zulter dismissal was retaliation against her by the playboy company, because she reported and activity of fraud with the playboy shareholders.In this case, Zulter was continually excluded from meetings and discussions, withholding crucial information she needed to carry out her corporate accounting responsibilities, and eliminating corporate accounting staff. Conclusion In the end, the courts dismissed playboys argument reaffirming that under the bylaws of (SOX) employees are protected from em ployees from retaliation for reporting violations of any rule of regulation of the SEC.Zulfer was protected under the SOX Act, whistle-blowers of publicly traded companies are protected. Employers are not supposed to retaliate or discriminate against employees in the terms and conditions of their employment. The plaintiff provided information regarding violations the company was participating in the violations that can be of a federal fraud statute, a rule or regulation of the SEC, or a provision of Federal law relating to fraud against shareholders.The team agrees that Zulfer was protected under the Act and that the Act is there to bring forth more white collar crimes that would not otherwise be disclosed if the was not there to protect and compensate. SOX promotes honesty without fear, the whistle-blower provisions of the SOX Act provides a general framework for ensuring that employees (including attorneys and auditors) disclose information which may harm investors.

Case Study: Osteoarthritis with a Total Knee Arthroplasty Essay

DN is a 68 year old Caucasian male who lives in Pomona, Missouri. On September 14, 2009, DN underwent a scheduled left organic genu arthroplasty at Baxter County Regional Medical Center. A consultation appointment about a summarise knee arthroplasty was scheduled when DN had increasing bother in his knees composition doing chores and working on his dairy farm. The increasing trouble oneself DN was having been due to a history of osteoarthritis and the wear-and-tear on his joints end-to-end his purport, no specific injury was renowned. Depending on the outcome of the left knee, DN was consulted on having his right knee do in the future due to his active modus vivendi as a dairy farmer. DN is concisely in very good wellness despite his sufferful sensation from osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is ca implementd from wear and tear on the joints. The b angiotensin converting enzymes between a joint is cushioned by cartilage which after mevery years of use fall downs. When th e bones no longer father the cushion, pain and stiffness develops when the bones rub unitedly (Total Knee Replacement, 2009). His health history includes over access prostate cancer approximately six years ago. subsequently a prostatectomy to re ladder his cancer, DN continues to vex erectile dysfunction flush after meeting some(prenominal) specialists and trying many treatment options. In 1999, DN had his appendix removed at Ozark Medical Center. DN has a herniorrhaphy and cataract surgical number prior to this infirmaryization. DN has no known totally toldergies to drugs, food, or surroundingsal allergens. The forbearing lives at home with his married woman on a dairy farm. He handles about 170 head of dairy cattle that ar milked twice a day. He retired from Ho well up-Oregon County Electrical approximately five years ago to servicing manage his farm on a full clock basis. DN and his wife raised three children and prolong several(prenominal) grandchildren who come and visit frequently. DN does not have any significant history of nicotine, alcohol, or drug use. His diet has consisted of fresh fruits and ve stick to able-bodieds from the garden throughout his life. These factors have all played a part in tendinging DN stay well-informed without any underlying chronic disease processes.Physical appraisementMy corporal surveyment was performed on September 16, 2009. DNs vital signs consisted of an apical pulse of 98, a internal respiration set of 20, a temperature of 99.1 degrees Fahrenheit, an oxygen saturation of 96%, a lying blood pressure of 117/78, a sitting blood pressure of 116/75, and a stand blood pressure of 116/74. enduring was alert and oriented to person, place, time, and situation. patient was able to spell WORLD forward and backwards. PERLA and noted cardinal field of gaze were inherent. eyeball were clear with conjunctiva pink and no loss noted. unhurrieds head and face was symmetrical with no apparent skin breakdow n. Patient had dentures intact in mouth with healthy, pink gums with no lesions present inside the mouth. Thorax was symmetrical with no signs of pulsations or lesions. Breath sounds clear in all lobes. Unlabored breaths. Heart sounds S1, S2 were hear upon auscultation in all four cardiac areas with normal rhythm. Abdomen is soft, symmetrical with hypoactive intestine sounds present in all four quadrants. Last bowel movement was on Sunday, September 13. Patient was passing flatus.No masses, distention, or lesions noted on the abdomen. No tenderness was noted in the abdomen. No edema was noted in the upper or lower extremities. Upper and lower extremities had no sign of lesions or discoloration. Saline locked on left forearm was intact with no redness or swelling. Surgical incision on lower left extremity had scant amounts of serosanguineous drainage, wound edges were well-approximated, slight erythemateous around incision, no odor present, and dressing was dry and intact. Pulses w ere strong and equal bilaterally- including carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and bet onerior tibialis. Skin was sore and pink with no signs of cyanosis, rash, or skin breakdown. Gait was symmetrical and coordinated when utilize a walker, without the supportive device there is some unsteadiness due to the left total knee arthroplasty. There was no hearing shortage noted with normal conversation. Patient only had complaints of pain at surgical site after ambulation, physical therapy or the CPM. Patient was taught he could quest for the pain medical specialty prior to these events to hopefully avoid intense pain.Current MedicationsThroughout DNs hospital stay he was prescribed medicine to alleviate the pain caused from the total knee arthroplasty, help prevent any infection that had potentiality to be a problem, and prevent any complications. DNs urrent medicinal drugs while in the hospital were as follows 1.) Docusate-Senna (Trade Name Peri-Colace ) 1 tablet by mouth, twice a day used for softening and passage of s alsol for the championship of constipation caused by post operative anaesthesia and decreased employment (Deglin & Vallerand, 2007). 2.) Enoxaparin (Trade Name Lovenox) 40 mg by subcutaneous injection, once every morning used for the prevention of thrombosis makeup (Deglin & Vallerand, 2007). 3.) Psyllium (Trade Name Metamucil) 1 tablespoon by mouth, twice a day used for relief and prevention of constipation (Deglin & Vallerand, 2007).4.) Acetaminophen-Oxycodone (Trade Name Percocet 5/325) 1-2 tablets by mouth, every four hours used for decreasing pain as well as decreasing a temperature (Deglin & Vallerand, 2007). 5.) Magnesium Hydroxide (Trade Name Milk of Magnesia) 30 mL by mouth as needed used for replacement in a deficient state or evacuation of the colon (Deglin & Vallerand, 2007). 6.) morphia (Trade Name Astramorph) 8 mg by intravenous piggyback, every three hours as needed used for a decrease in the sev erity of pain (Deglin & Vallerand, 2007). 7.) Promethazine (Trade Name Phenergan) 12.5 mg by intravenous piggyback, every four hours as needed used for diminishing nausea and vomiting, as well as provide some sedation (Deglin & Vallerand, 2007).Diagnostic TestsDN had diagnostic tests prior to being admitted to the hospital for his total knee arthroplasty to determine the best treatment option for his osteoarthritis. After his surgery, more diagnostic tests were done to monitor for complications of the affair. The results were compared to normal and were as follows for the diligent 1.) White Blood Cells (Normal Value 5,000-10,000/mm3) Patients white blood stallphone count was 12,800/mm3, which is a high value. This value indicates the stress on the body and inflammation around the knee involved after the operation. The value is as well a possible indicator of infection, which would require continued monitoring (Pagana & Pagana, 2006). 2.) Red Blood Cell Count (Normal Value 4.7-6 .1106/l) Patients red blood cell count was 3.74106/l, which is a low value. This value indicates the blood lost during surgery, which is a common conclusion after an invasive surgery.A decreased level whitethorn indicate a hemorrhage, overhydration, or a dietary deficiency, which may need to be corrected (Pagana & Pagana, 2006). 3.) hemoglobin (Normal Value 14-18 g/dL) Patients hemoglobin was 11.8 g/dL, which is a low value. This value is a common finding after surgery due to the blood loss, moreover the value may withal indicate anemia or nutritional deficiency (Pagana & Pagana, 2006). 4.) Hematocrit (Normal Value 42-52%) Patients hematocrit was 34.4%, which is a low value. This is a normal finding after surgery, only if may indicate anemia, malnutrition, or a dietary deficiency that may need to be corrected (Pagana & Pagana, 2006). 5.) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (Normal Value 27-31 pg) Patients mean corpuscular hemoglobin was 31.8 pg, which is just slightly overhead railway. This value could possibly indicate a macrocytic anemia, but is not elevated enough to be a significant concern (Pagana & Pagana, 2006).Basic Conditioning Factors and Power ComponentsDorthea Orem identifies ten basic conditioning factors that identify the diligent and help assess the need for tending in her Self-Care famine Theory of nursing. The basic conditioning factors identified by Orem consist of age, gender, Eriksons developmental state, health state, sociocultural orientation, health carry on system factors, family system factors, patterns of life-time, environmental factors, and availability of resources (Caton, 2008). DN is a 68 year old Caucasian male who lives in Pomona, Missouri where he and his wife own a house. DN grew up in Dora, Missouri where he graduated high school, then relocated to Pomona at the age of nineteen. DN has three grown children and several grandchildren. DNs family remains very close and visit often to where DN lives. DN quit his job at Howell- Oregon Electric in 1980 to become a full time farmer. DN and his wife own approximately 300 acres to operate a dairy and beef cattle farm with 170 head of cattle.They milk the kine twice a day keeping them very active throughout the day. DN considers himself to be in the middle-class sparingally, but with the unpredictable cattle market economic status can tilt throughout the year. DN has Medicare as primary insurance with supplements. Before his admission to the hospital, DNs health state was good. DNs health care system factors consist of a medical diagnosis of osteoarthritis. The treatment of choice for DN was a left total knee replacement. After discharge, home health leave behind help organize physical therapy closer to home. DN does not have any underlying diseases, such as hypertension or diabetes, which can cause complications or alter the ability of DN to have a speedy recovery.He has a primary physician in Willow Springs for yearly check-ups and minor problems. DNs pa tterns of living include hunting and fishing, going to church, and taking care of the farm. DN does not smoke or drink alcohol. According to Erikson, he is in a developmental set up of ego integrity versus despair (Berman et al., 2007). DN belongs in this psycho affable developmental stage because he is at a stage where he is content with his life and satisfied with everything that has happened in his life thus far. He is able to reflect on his past without regret. DN feels as if he has lived a life full of happiness.Orem identifies ten power components that are important in evaluating how much nursing care is needed by the patient. The ten power components consist of attention span and vigilance, laterality of physical force, control of body movements, ability to reason, motivation for action, decision making skills, knowledge, repertoire of skills, ability to order self-care actions, and ability to integrate self-care actions into patterns of living (Caton, 2008). DNs attentio n span ad vigilance is a chroma because throughout the physical assessment and health history, he remained very attentive and honest when answering the questions. His control of physical energy is a potential weakness due to the fatigue DN could experience after his knee replacement. After surgery, neat fatigued is easier due to the pain and inability to get a good darknesss serenity in the hospital. DN seemed to know his limits with what kind of physical energy he had to use throughout his stay.The patients control of body movements is a strength. Even though DN is recovering from a total knee replacement, he maintains good control over his movements. He alike has a steady gait when walking with a supportive device. The patients ability to reason is a strength. When he needed help, he knew to ask his wife, a moderate, or an aide for help. He understood that Home Health would be a benefit once he was complete from the hospital. Motivation for action is definitely a strength. DN was very motivated to get back on his feet as soon as he could. He knew physical therapy was what would help the virtually so he was always score to go when physical therapy came to take him to the Joint Club. After returning after a trip to physical therapy, the patient stated, The physical therapist said I did better than all of the other patients with knee replacements.The patients decision making skills were strength because he took all options into consideration prior to getting his knee replacement. He knew it would be the best option with the active lifestyle that he has. Knowledge was a potential shortfall for the patient because he had never had a knee replacement surgery before. The patient was informed of all the procedures, hospital stay, and expected outcomes during consultation appointments, but all the information at once can be overwhelming for the patient. Even after the surgery, the patient still questioned the health care team members throughout the hospital stay to refresh his memory. Repertoire of skills is a strength because the patient has a high school education, as well as the same occupation throughout his life.He is able to retain information and repeat skills if needed. DNs ability to order self-care actions is a strength because he is able to decide what actions are more or less important and follow through with them. He decided to have his knee surgery to benefit his lifestyle and made it a priority to get it done as soon as he could. The ability to integrate self-care actions into his patterns of living is a strength for DN. He integrates a healthy diet and active lifestyle to prevent complications of his osteoarthritis. After trying minor treatment options to control pain and discomfort from the osteoarthritis, DN opted for surgical treatment and he realizes the physical therapy he lead have to integrate into his lifestyle for full recovery.Universal Self-Care RequisitesOrems General Theory of Nursing involves self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems. Orems definition of self-care is what people plan and do on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and wellness. The nursing systems that Orem identifies are wholly compensatory, partly compensatory, and supportive-educative. The universal self-care essentials that patient may be deficient, potentially deficient, or a strength in consists of air, water, food, elimination, activity and rest, solitude and social interaction, prevention of hazards to human life, and normalcy (Berman et al., 2007).Air Potential DeficitAir is a potential deficit for this patient. Upon assessment, his respiratory rate was within normal range at 20 breaths per minute. Normal respirations for the age group of the client range from fifteen to twenty per minute (Berman et al., 2007). The patient has a stable respiration rate between this level, but with decrease red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit the patients oxygen level may profit to compensate for the l ack of cells that can carry the oxygen, especially during physical therapy. DNs lung sounds when auscultated were clear in all lobes, bilaterally. A critical side effect of morphine, one of the medications DN was taking while in the hospital, is respiratory depression, which can happen in a matter of minutes causing a deficit (Deglin & Vallerand, 2007).Water mediumWater is a strength for DN. No edema was noted upon assessment. Good skin turgor was indicative that there was adequate hydration for the patient. DNs average intake was 2000 mL of fluids, usually water and ice tea. This was within normal range with the requirements being set at a minimum of 1500 mL of fluids chance(a) (Berman et al., 2007).Food long suitFood is a strength for the patient. The patient was on a regular diet and had no trouble eating. On some occasions, his wife brought meals to the patient. DN consumes a healthy diet, full of fruits and vegetables from his own garden when home. Protein consumed in his die t usually consists of very lean beef from home grown cattle. DN consumed enough calories to aid in recovery of his surgery.Elimination DeficitElimination is a problem for the patient. He has not had a bowel movement since the day before he had the surgery. DN had an epidural anesthesia until the first day post-op and is taking narcotic analgesics for pain control, which both contributed to the impaired elimination. The side cause from the medication cause the intestines to decrease peristalsis. Monitoring bowel functions, as well as administer the stool softeners and laxatives that are ordered, are two important nursing interventions (Lemone & Burke, 2008).Activity and Rest DeficitThe patient had a deficit in both activity and rest. The patient stated he was not getting adequate rest in the hospital due to the different environment and the pain he was experiencing from his surgery. In the hospital, the patient was also put on activity restrictions due to his total knee arthroplasty . He was able to go to physical therapy three times a day, but normal activities were limited for DN. At home DN does not have activity or rest deficit, he participates in an active lifestyle with lots of walking and occasional physical labor. He also gets approximately 7 or 8 hours of sleep a night which is adequate for a man his age (Berman et al., 2007).Solitude and Social Interaction Potential DeficitThe patient did not have a deficit with social interaction. His wife was in the room majority of the time and he also had many people drop in and see him throughout his hospital stay. DN also interacted with people on the health care team, whether it was the nurses or physical therapists, he was always having a conversation with someone. Due the many visitors and activities DN had during the day, solitude was a potential deficit. The physical therapists and nurses that came in the room consistently make it difficult for the patient to get any time to rest and relax by himself. Adeq uate rest is easier to obtain when there are no interruptions in the rest period and some solitude is allowed.Hazard Prevention DeficitHazard prevention is a deficit for DN. The total knee arthroplasty causes the patient to be at an increased pretend for infection due to all the invasive procedures done. safety antibiotics were being considered to help prevent any infection that may develop. The patient is also at risk for falls. The intravenous line and pole make it difficult for the patient to walk on his own while dealing with his surgery. The medications DN were taking could cause confusion, dizziness, and sedation which could lead to a fall. The patient is also at risk for a muddy vein thrombus due to the surgery, which could be a fatal complication if not prevented. Compression stockings and devices were used to decrease the chance of venous stasis.Promotion of Normality DeficitPromotion of normality is a deficit for the patient. He has only been hospitalized two other tim es in his life and feels un cozy. Since DN is not used to being in the hospital, he is hesitant to ask for pain medication until the pain is already present. Teaching DN to ask for the pain medicine prior to activities and when he recognizes the pain coming back. DNs normal routine at home will be changed to accommodate for the knee surgery he underwent. He will have to prepare to the limitations on his activities until he is fully recovered. For example, he will have to depend on his wife and other family members to help milk the cows and take care of the farm until he has full range of movement so he does not damage his newly replaced knee.Developmental Self-Care RequisitesDevelopmental self-care requisites are associated with conditions that result in maturation (Berman et al., 2007). DN has lived a long, productive life and many life changing events have occurred throughout his life. He graduated high school and worked multiple jobs which gave him the experience he needed to no w be a self-employed farmer. He and his wife raised a family with three children, and now have several grandchildren. all(prenominal) of these different aspects in DN life have helped DN mature, which puts him in a developmental stage of ego integrity versus despair. According to Erikson, people in this stage should have acceptance of their life and self-worth (Berman et al., 2007).DN seems very satisfied with everything that has happened in his life. He is able to reminisce about the things that have happened in his life with a smile. He does not have any regrets about his life. At this point in DNs life, he is always thinking of others and enjoying the small things in life. Even though DN is in this developmental stage, he has not fully completed this stage. DN is in a position where he still works and provides for his family. He is not ready to leave his family at this point in his life.Health Deviation Self-Care RequisitesAccording to Orem, there are six health excursus self-c are requisites. The health care deviation self-care requisites consist of seeking and securing medical help when needed, responsibly attending to the effects and results of pathologic conditions, effectively carrying out prescribed interventions, responsibly attending to the regulation of effects resulting from prescribed interventions, accepting the fact that sometimes self or others need medical help when faced with certain life challenges, and learning to live fruitfully with the effects of pathologic conditions and treatments while promoting continued personal development (Caton, 2007). The patient is strong in seeking and securing medical help when needed. As soon as the patient realized his pain was increasing in his knee, he scheduled an appointment with his family doctor who referred him to Dr. Know the orthopedic surgeon. The patient is also responsible in attending to the effects and results of pathologic conditions. The patient is aware of the physical therapy regime he needs to complete for full recovery, as well as the incumbrance measures he needs to take to protect his right knee. The third health deviation self-care requisite is to effectively carry out prescribed interventions, which is a strength for the patient.DN realizes he will continue with physical therapy after discharge on the hospital and will be on a few prescription medications. former(a) interventions, such as wearing TED hoses, limiting activities, and allowing home health to help with his care, will all be followed by the patient. The fourth health deviation self-care requisite is to responsibly attend to the regulation of effects resulting from prescribed interventions is a potential deficit. Even though the patient stated he will do the interventions asked of him, the caper of depending on others for help may be difficult. As a farmer, it is difficult to let someone else do the chores the patient is usually doing on a daily basis. The fifth health deviation self-care requi site is accepting the fact that sometimes self or others need medical help when faced with certain life challenges.This health deviation self-care requisite is a strength for the patient. When DN realized his knee was not functioning at the level he needed it too, he desire help from professionals after trying alternative treatments. When DN had his prostate removed due to prostate cancer, he also pursued help from many specialists to deal with the many complications a prostatectomy can cause. The sixth health deviation self-care requisite is learning to live productively with the effects of pathologic conditions and treatments while promoting continued personal development. This is a strength for the DN because he looks forward to having better function in his knee to live a more productive life. The chores he does on the farm were bonnie difficult with the increasing pain in his knee prior to the surgery. The patient now talks evangelistically about getting back out on the farm to do the things he loves to do.Nursing DiagnosisI. Nursing Diagnosis 1 Acute Pain related to to create from raw stuff trauma caused by surgery and intense physical therapy regime as testify by patient verbalizing his pain an 8 on a 1-10 scale. a. anticipate Outcome Patient verbalizes relief of pain as less than a 3 on a 1-10 scale at least thirty minutes after administration of pain medication. i. Intervention 1 Assess the patients description of pain and effectiveness of pain-relieving interventions. 1. rationale Assessing pain description leads to the best interventions to control the pain, as well as assess for any complications with a different pain description. Every patient has a right to effective pain relief (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). ii. Intervention 2 Instruct the patient to request pain medication before the pain becomes severe. 2. rule Relief will take longer if the patient waits until the pain is too severe (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007).The best pain control is proactive, not reactive. iii. Intervention 3 Administer narcotic analgesics as ordered by the doctor. 3. rule With all of the tissue damage done during surgery, the nurse should assume the patient is in pain and needs analgesics (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). a. Implementation/Evaluation value assessed the patients description of pain to adequately treat the pain symptoms. Nurse taught the patient the request the pain medication at the onset of pain to reduce the amount of time it takes to surface working. The goal was met because the patient verbalized his pain less than a 3 on a 1-10 scale within 30 minutes of administration of pain medication. b. Expected Outcome Patient appears comfortable as evidenced by absence of facial grimacing and use of stress management techniques between doses of pain medication and throughout hospital stay. iv. Intervention 1 Nurse will teach patient to use manoeuver imagery and progressive relaxation. 4. rationale Use of guided imagery and progres sive relaxation will distract patient from the pain he is experiencing (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). v. Intervention 2 Nurse will teach patient to change position frequently.5. Rationale Changing positions (within limits) will relieve pressure and pain on bony prominences, reduce muscle spasm, and undue tension (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). vi. Intervention 3 Nurse will apply ice packs as ordered. 6. Rationale Applying ice packs may decrease edema and enhance comfort (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). b. Implementation/Evaluation Nurse taught the patient different comfort measure to relieve pain in between doses of pain medication. Using repositioning and relaxation measures helped the patient stay comfortable between doses of pain medication. The goal was met. II. Nursing Diagnosis 2 Impaired physical mobility related to pain after surgical procedure as evidenced by limited ability to ambulate. c. Expected Outcome Patient will maintain optimal mobility within limitations throughout hosp ital stay. vii. Intervention 1 Assess postoperative range of motion in affected and unaffected joints.7. Rationale Assessment of range of motion will give a baseline to see if the patient is improving. Range of motion exercises are important to strengthen affected joint (within limitations) and unaffected joints need to maintain current mobility in periods of decreased activity because joints with arthritis lose function more rapidly (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). viii. Intervention 2 Nurse will assist patient to ambulate with less assistance as tolerated. 8. Rationale This will allow for patient to become more independent before discharge (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). ix. Intervention 3 Nurse will encourage the patient to move from the bed to the chair as tolerated, as well as ambulate in the room three times a day. 9. Progress will be monitored toward normal activities patient will do once discharged from the hospital (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). c. Implementation/Evaluation Nurse assessed postoperative range of motion to have a baseline of function. Improvement was noted throughout shift that the patient was able to move more independently. d. Expected Outcome Patient participates in rehabilitation political program throughout hospital stay. x. Intervention 1 Assess the patients fear or anxiety in ambulating and going to physical therapy.10. Rationale If the patients fear and anxiety is too great, the patient may not get the full benefit of physical therapy and is at a greater risk for falls or other injuries (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). xi. Intervention 2 Nurse will encourage use of supportive walking devices, such as a walker. 11. Rationale Use of a walker will help the patient feel more independent and encouraged to go to physical therapy as ordered. More tilt bearing will progress throughout the use of walker (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). xii. Intervention 3 Nurse will reinforce instructions for rehabilitative activities as ordered. 12. Rationale Rei nforcing instructions will help the patient achieve mobility throughout the hospital stay and adhere to the physical therapy program (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). d. Implementation/Evaluation The patient was enthusiastic about physical therapy and gaining full mobility of affected leg. He participated in the rehabilitation program and was able to go home on schedule, so the goal was met.III. Nursing Diagnosis 3 Self-care deficit related to impaired mobility as evidenced by inability to perform activities of daily living, such as dressing, bathing, and ambulate independently. e. Expected Outcome 1 Patient will safely perform all self-care activities of daily living independently before discharge. xiii. Intervention 1 Nurse will assess the patients ability to perform activities of daily living. 13. Rationale This will provide a baseline to know where the priority deficits in the patients performance of ADLs and help nurse assist with the patients needs (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). xi v. Intervention 2 Assist the patient in accepting help from others. 14. Rationale The patient may need to realize after a total knee replacement, some assistance may be needed and habituation on people or supportive devices may be necessary temporarily (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). xv. Intervention 3 Nurse will implement measures to facilitate independence, but be available to help patient when needed.15. Rationale Giving the patient independence will help encourage patient to attempt ADLs on his own, but with assistance when needed will prevent falls or other injuries (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). e. Implementation/Evaluation Nurse assessed the patients ability to perform activities of daily living and realized where the patient needed assistance. Patient was encouraged to do ADLs on his own, but to recognize and ask for help if he needed it. Patient was able to ambulate on his own the bathroom, perform most activities independently, but required some help from his wife by dischar ge. This goal was met because the patient realized when he needed help and performed all ADLs safely by discharge. f. Expected Outcome 2 Resources are identified that are useful in optimizing the liberty and independence of the patient by discharge from the hospital. xvi. Intervention 1 Nurse will assess what assistance will be needed when the patient is discharged.16. Rationale This will be helpful to the patient and other caregivers to recognize deficits until they are overcome (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). xvii. Intervention 2 Nurse will encourage patient to use assistive devices until no longer needed, and reassure patient that use of them can prevent falls and injuries. 17. Rationale This allows patient to know total independence is not expected just because the patient is being discharged (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). xviii. Intervention 3 Nurse will help the patient set short term goals to becoming more independent. 18. Rationale Setting short term goals will decrease the fr ustration the patient may have in not being able to do activities he could do before surgery (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). f. Implementation/Evaluation Nurse assessed what assistance may be needed to help with activities of daily living. Patient used assistive devices and help from others when he recognized he could not do them independently. Short term goals were set and patient was able to be discharged with a walker and home health services. This expected outcome was met.IV. Nursing Diagnosis 4 put on the line for ineffective tissue perfusion related to surgical procedure and impaired physical mobility. g. Expected Outcome Patient maintains adequate tissue perfusion and remains free from deep vein thrombosis, as evidenced by warm extremities, good capillary refill, bilaterally equal pulses, negative Homans sign, and stable vital signs. xix. Intervention 1 Assess neurovascular status of affected limb preoperatively and postoperatively, as well as assess for signs and symptoms of deep vein thrombosis. 19. Rationale Preoperatively a baseline should be established and assessing for changes postoperatively will be indication of a problem. Signs and symptoms could be an early indication of a blood clot which leads to early intervention (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). xx. Intervention 2 Nurse will assist patient in using thromboembolic disease support hoses and sequential compression devices as prescribed. 20. Antiembolic devices, such as TED hose and SCDs, increase venous blood flow to the heart and decrease venous stasis, which could prevent a blood clot (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007).xxi. Intervention 3 Nurse will administer thrombolytic and anticoagulant agents as ordered. 21. Rationale Prophylactic anticoagulants will reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis and thrombolytic drugs may decrease the complications if a blood clot does develop (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). g. Implementation/Evaluation Patient was assessed preoperatively and postoperatively for neurov ascular status. Patient was monitored closely for any signs of ineffective tissue perfusion. Nurse encouraged use of antiembolic devices and patient adhered to regimen. The goal was met because ineffective tissue perfusion was not a problem and not deep vein thrombosis developed. V. Nursing Diagnosis 5 Deficient knowledge related to a new procedure and unfamiliar with the discharge plan as evidenced by patient questioning health care team members about the process. h. Expected Outcome Patient verbalizes understanding of procedure and discharge instructions.xxii. Intervention 1 Assess the patients current understanding of process in hospital and discharge instructions. 22. This will allow the nurse the individualize the teaching plan for the patient and teach only what the patient does not understand (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). xxiii. Intervention 2 Nurse will review total knee arthroplasty precautions according to what the patient does not already know, for example, using the walk er, maintain proper body weight, and when to notify the physician. 23. Rationale Reviewing the information will reinforce devotion to the rehabilitation program (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). xxiv. Intervention 3 Nurse will explain the discharge follow up instructions, and reinforce the need to continue with home health for physical therapy.24. Rationale Home health and physical therapy will increase the patients strength to have a full recovery. When the patient understands the process, he will be more motivated to continue with the program (Gulanick & Vallerand, 2007). h. Implementation/Evaluation This goal was met. The patient had a full understanding of the limitations of a knee arthroplasty, in the hospital and after discharge. He understood the follow-up appointments and how home health would assist in his recovery. VI. Nursing Diagnosis 6 Constipation related to inactivity and medication use as evidenced by patient having frequent but nonproductive desire to defecate. VII. Nu rsing Diagnosis 7 Risk for infection related to invasive procedure. VIII. Nursing Diagnosis 8 Risk for falls related to unsteady gait and pain in left leg.ReferencesBerman, A., Snyder, S., Kozier, B., & Erb, G. (2007). fundamental principle of nursing Concepts, process, and practice (8th ed.). Upper Saddle Road, NJ Pearson. Caton, B. (2007). Orems self care requistes. Handout for NUR100 Fundamentals of Nursing. Missouri State University-West Plains, Fall 2007. Deglin, J.H., & Vallerand, A.H. (2007). Daviss drug guide for nurses (10th ed.). Philadelphia F.A. Davis. Gulanick, M., & Myers, J.L. (2007). Nursing care plans Nursing diagnosis and intervention. St. Louis MO Elsevier. LeMone, P., & Burke, K.M. (2004). Medical-surgical nursing Critical thinking in client care(3rd Ed.). Upper Saddle Road, NJ Pearson.Pagana, K.D., & Pagana, T.J. (2006). Mosbys manual of diagnostic and laboratory tests(3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO Mosby.Total Knee Replacement (2009). American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. RetrievedOctober 19, 2009, from http//orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00389.