History of Chess free essay sample

The precursors of chess originated in India during the Gupta Empire,[2][3][4][5] where its early form in the 6th century was known as chatura? ga, which translates as four divisions (of the military): infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry, represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. [6] Chess was introduced to Persia from India and became a part of the princely or courtly education of Persian nobility. 7] In Sassanid Persia around 600 the name became chatrang, which subsequently evolved to shatranj, due to Arab Muslim’s lack of ch and ng native sounds,[8] and the rules were developed further. Players started calling Shah! (Persian for King! ) when attacking the opponents king, and Shah Mat! (Persian for the king is helpless – see checkmate) when the king was attacked and could not escape from attack. These exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to other lands. The game was taken up by the Muslim world after the Islamic conquest of Persia, with the pieces largely keeping their Persian names. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Chess or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Moors of North Africa rendered Persian shatranj as sha? erej, which gave rise to the Spanish acedrex, axedrez and ajedrez; in Portuguese it became xadrez, and in Greek zatrikion, but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian shah (king). Thus, the game came to be called ludus scacchorum or scacc(h)i in Latin, scacchi in Italian, escacs in Catalan, echecs in French (Old French eschecs); schaken in Dutch, Schach in German, szachy in Polish, sahs in Latvian, skak in Danish, sjakk in Norwegian, schack in Swedish, sakki in Finnish, sah in South Slavic languages, sakk in Hungarian and sah in Romanian; there are two theories about why this change happened: 1. From the exclamation check or checkmate as it was pronounced in various languages. 2. From the first chessmen known of in Western Europe (except Iberia and Greece) being ornamental chess kings brought in as curios by Muslim traders. The Mongols call the game shatar, and in Ethiopia it is called senterej, both evidently derived from shatranj. Chess spread directly from the Middle East to Russia, where chess became known as Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'…Ð ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'‹ (shakhmaty, treated as a plural). The game reached Western Europe and Russia by at least three routes, the earliest being in the 9th century. By the year 1000 it had spread throughout Europe

Chocolates Positive and Negative Effects

Chocolates Positive and Negative Effects Introduction In the past two decades, chocolate has been considered a junk food due to the way in which its consumption has significantly contributed to the obesity epidemic within the U.S. at the present.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Chocolates Positive and Negative Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nearly 33% of adults within the U.S. are obese which represents a 60% increase over a 20 year period with the rate for child obesity not far behind at nearly triple what it was 30 years ago. Most of these cases have been attributed to the consumption of large amounts of junk food with chocolate being ranked among the most popular types to be eaten. However, it must be questioned whether chocolate truly deserves to be ranked as a junk food. The fact remains that numerous studies such as those by Howe (2012) have expressed that the consumption of chocolate is in fact beneficial and can aid in enabling a person to attain a healthier body[1][2]. On the other hand, there are studies such as those by Hughes (2012) which state that it is the excess consumption of chocolate that has contributed significantly to obesity within the country[3]. It is based on this that this paper will examine aspects related to the current junk food culture, the portrayal of the media about junk food and chocolate as well as current academic literature surrounding the consumption of chocolate. The researcher expects that through this investigation a clearer picture can be seen regarding the nature of chocolate. It is the assumption of this study that chocolate can be considered a junk food depending on the quality and the quantity that has been eaten. The Age of the Junk Food Culture Junk food in the form of chips, dips, burgers, fries, sodas, candies and ice cream have become such a part of Americas culture that the most prevalent cultural distinction for American today is that of the Junk Food culture. Th e term junk food is actually a terminology that was originally developed during the early half of the 1970s to describe the growing proliferation of prepackaged easy to consumer food products that came in disposal wrappers[4]. The low nutritional content of said food products combined with the easy to dispose nature of their wrappings resulted in the creation of the term junk food. In nearly every town, city and state groceries, shopping malls and fast food restaurants carry some form of junk food that is rapidly consumed by a voracious public that enjoys the taste and convenience of such products. Unfortunately, this cultural distinction is actually slowly killing the American population due to resulting effects such food types have one the body. The recommended daily allowance of nutritional calories that a body should have in a single day as recommended by the American Medical Association is roughly 2,500 to 3,000 calories a day[5].Advertising Looking for research paper o n health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The problem with junk food is that due to their convenience and serving size most people are not aware that on average they consume more than 3,000 calories a day from the various forms of junk food they eat[6]. An average adult male in the U.S. should consume only 65 grams of fat and 2,500 calories in a single day yet a burger and fries combo meal with a large coke available at the local McDonalds is equivalent to more than 50 grams of fat and 1500 calories within a single sitting[7]. This would not be a problem should that be the only large meal they eat throughout the day however this meal is supplemented by various chips, sodas and various other unhealthy options throughout the day which brings the total calorie count to 4,000 calories or more. Chocolate in particular, due to the current manner in which it is produced, is deceptively packaged to the extent that a single chocolate bar can contain 300 to 400 calories or more. Considering the fact that it would take a considerable amount of chocolate to feel full, normal consumers wind up eating more than they should resulting in the consumption of several hundred excess calories. Journalism and the Portrayal of Scientific Information to the General Public On average nearly 10,000 TV ads appear within a given year which focuses on promoting the products of various restaurants and companies[8]. Children in particular are targeted by fancy commercials advertising sugary sweets through the use of cleverly crafted cartoonish elements in the commercial itself. Since TV advertisements are an extension of popular culture it can be seen that popular culture is one of the primary reasons behind the obesity problem America now faces due to this patronage of products that are not only unhealthy but cause people to become obese as a result of their consumption. The power of advertising should not be underestimat ed since it has been shown that TV ads are one of the best ways to convince people to buy a certain product. From this it can be seen that the causes behind obesity is not merely the fast food culture that Americans find themselves in but also the actions of various corporations that promote with wild abandon their products without taking into consideration the possible ramification on the population. It should be noted though that along with these numerous advertisements come equally numerous articles by journalists which deride and criticize food companies for ruining the health of the present day generation. However, what is lacking in such articles is a truly in-depth examination of the nutritional impact of individual junk food products. What occurs is merely a general critic instead of an examination which attempts to determine whether foods such as chocolate have any generally positive effects[9].Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Chocolates P ositive and Negative Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Positive Effects of Chocolate While it may be true that chocolate has become a synonymous aspect of the junk food culture, the fact remains that it has a variety of positive healthy effects on the body. This encompasses effects related to better cardiovascular health, an increased metabolism, and brain stimulation. Not only that, chocolate has also been stated as being a possible anti-depressant as well as possessing anti-cancer and anti-oxidant effects[10][11]. However, its relation as a junk food has been cemented due to the manner in which it is consumed in amounts that are greater than the recommended dietary allowance per day. As it was revealed in the study of Howe (2012), chocolate and its numerous iterations has been mixed and matched with a plethora of substances to the point that its health benefits have been highly diluted through an assortment of brands and products[12 ]. Its health benefits are tempered by extreme amounts of added sugar along with prodigious amounts of carbohydrates and assortment of chemicals[13]. The end result is a product that combines the positive mental stimulation of cocoa with the negative impact of a high fructose corn syrup. It is based on this that it can be stated that any health benefits derived from chocolate depends on the type of chocolate and the amount that is consumed. Thus chocolate can be considered a health food so long as one eats it sparingly and consumes chocolate products that are rich in natural cocoa and have little sugar in them. Conclusion Based on the information and arguments that has been provided in this paper thus far, it can be stated that can be considered a junk food depending on the quality and the quantity that has been eaten. Reference List Benton, David. 2004. Coffee, Tea, Chocolate and the Brain. Florida: CRC Press Datar, Ashlesha, and Nancy Nicosia. 2012. Junk Food in Schools and Childh ood Obesity.  Journal Of Policy Analysis Management 31, no. 2: 312-337. Howe, James. 2012. Chocolate and Cardiovascular Health. Gastronomica 12, no. 1: 43-52.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hughes, Linda G. 2012. More chocolate? Yes, please: Obesity epidemic threatens to erode heart disease progress. Indianapolis Business Journal 10. Regional Business News, EBSCOhost . Hurley, JayneLiebman, Bonnie. 2008. Choosing Chocolate. Nutrition Action Health Letter 35, no. 8: 12. Pollan, Michael. 2008. In defense of food: An eaters manifesto. New York: Penguin Robinson, Elizabeth. 2008. Become a Media Megastar: Analyzing junk food advertising.  Screen Education no. 49: 82-87. Footnotes Howe, James. 2012. Chocolate and Cardiovascular Health. Gastronomica 12, no. 1: 43-52. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Benton, David. The biology and psychology of chocolate craving. Coffe, Tea, Chocolate and the Brain: 205-215 Hughes, Linda G. 2012. MORE CHOCOLATE? YES, PLEASE: Obesity epidemic threatens to erode heart disease progress. Indianapolis Business Journal 10. Regional Business News, EBSCOhost . Datar, Ashlesha, and Nancy Nicosia. 2012. Junk Food in Schools and Childhood Obesity. Journal Of Policy Analysis Management 31, no. 2: 312-337. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost Pollan, Michael. In defense of food: An eaters manifesto (New York: Penguin, 2008), 19-32 Ibid Pollan, Michael. In defense of food: An eaters manifesto (New York: Penguin, 2008), 19-32 Robinson, Elizabeth. 2008. Become a Media Megastar: ANALYSING JUNK FOOD ADVERTISING. Screen Education no. 49: 82-87. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Ibid Benton, David. The biology and psychology of chocolate craving. Coffe, Tea, Chocolate and the Brain: 205-215 Hurley, JayneLiebman, Bonnie. 2008. Choosing Chocolate. Nutrition Action Health Letter 35, no. 8: 12. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost . Howe, James. 2012. Chocolate and Cardiovascular Health. Gastronomica 12, no. 1: 43-52. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Hurley, JayneLiebman, Bonnie. 2008. Choosing Chocolate. Nutrition Action Health Letter 35, no. 8: 12. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost .

Freemark Abbey Winery Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Freemark Abbey Winery - Case Study Example Hence, Freemark Abbey Winery might be better off harvesting immediately before the storm and eliminating the risk of the rain spoiling the grapes. The not-so-ripe grapes could yield wine that sells for $2.85 per bottle. If Jaeger decided to harvest later and the storm did not strike, there is a high chance that the acidity of the grapes would not fall below about 0.7 percent. In this case, the resulting wines would still sell at a higher price than wine produced from the not-so-ripe grapes harvested now, regardless of what the weather condition is like. However, there is a slight chance that the acidity of the of the grapes would drop below about 0.7, in which case the resulting wine would sell at a slightly lower price of $2.50 per bottle. To make this decision, a decision tree, Michael Porter's (1997) five forces analysis, and SWOT analysis are used to aid in the decision making process. Both five forces analysis and SWOT analysis reveal that Freemark Abbey Winery should pursue a differentiation strategy. From the decision tree in Appendix 1, it can be seen that there are 3 possible decision alternatives and 7 possible outcomes. The first possible decision alternative is to harvest after the storm and sell thin wine should the storm strike and the botrytis mold not form. The second possible decision alternative is to harvest after the storm and sell the wine in bulk should the storm strike and the botrytis mold not form. The third possible decision alternative is to harvest immediately. The first decision alternative has the highest expected revenue per bottle of wine but is inconsistent with a differentiation strategy. The second decision alternative yields the next higher level of expected revenue and is consistent with a differentiation strategy. The third decision alternative yields the least revenue and at the same time is inconsistent with a differentiation strategy. However, the third decision alternative is the least risky. Prioritizing the criteria, it is felt that the revenue and differentiation criteria are more important. Hence, it is recommended that Freemark Abbey harvest the grapes later. Should the storm strike and the botrytis mold not form, it is recommended that Freemark Abbey sell the wine in bulk or the grapes directly. Both the expected value and the rollback analyses yield the same recommendation. 2. DECISION PROBLEM Should the grapes be harvested immediately or after the storm If Jaeger waited after the storm, there are some chances of a warm, light rain, which will result in the formation of botrytis mold yielding the botrytised Riesling. The quantity is 30 percent lower than the normal wine but it sells for $8 per bottle. However, a storm just before the harvest is more likely to produce rain-soaked berries, yielding a thin wine that would sell wholesale for only about $2.00 per bottle and costing Freemark Abbey Winery its reputation. It could sell the wine in bulk or sell the grapes directly to preserve its reputation but these options would bring only half as much revenue, which is the second decision problem. Hence, Freemark Abbey Winery might be better off harvesting immediately before the storm and eliminating the risk of the rain spoiling the grapes. The not-so-ripe grapes could yield wine that sells for $2.85 per bottle.

The Linguistic Acquisition Device Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Linguistic Acquisition Device - Essay Example He was able to give an evident account of the case of Victor of Aveyron who showed severe difficulty in developing language skills after years of isolation in the woods where he only interacted with animals. Subsequent observed improvement in language acquisition by Victor of Aveyron and a similar case of Genie in the United States seemed to provide reliable backup towards the theories of Chomsky. In the two cases of feral children, isolation from human interaction at childhood was attributed to the slow rate of language acquisition. The film Secret of the wild child is a reflection of how one United States girl commonly known as Genie was discovered in 1970 after suffering from physical abuse over a decade of isolation. The ensuing efforts to make her learn language proved difficult to achieve and this led to the advance element of Critical Period Hypothesis. In this theory, it is emphasized that there is a period mostly from infancy to adolescence when a human being has the highest potential of gaining native language competency. Outside this time limit, a child will experience severe difficulty in learning a language. The case of Genie who was discovered having been isolated for more than the critical age was an evidence of this research finding. This theory further asserts why adults find it difficult to learn the language than children as they have exceeded the critical period. After 13 years of isolation and deprivation, the mother of Genie left her abusive husband.Her mother, grandmother and herself had gone into the Social Welfare office in Temple City, California, to learn about resources for the blind in November 1970. It is at this point that a social worker grew curious over the possibly abnormal posture of the young girl who also looked younger than her actual age. The social worker’s initial thought of autism of the girl compelled her to enquire and subsequently.

USA and Vietcong forces in the 1960s. Essay Example for Free

USA and Vietcong forces in the 1960s. Essay The tactics used by the Vietcong and US military forces were very different and changed during the course of the war. At the beginning of the war the Vietcong (NLF) army was aggressive whilst the US army was defensive. The Gulf of Tonkin incident became Americas excuse to become aggressive towards the Vietcong. In 1965 General W. Westmoreland developed the strategy of search and destroy. Its objective was to find and kill any members of the NLF. US soldiers found this difficult however as the Vietcong always dressed in civilian clothing, and killing peasants by mistake was not uncommon; if hes dead and Vietnamese, hes a V. C. was the view of the troops carrying out the search and destroy missions. It was clear from the outset of war that the US had far more technologically advanced weapons than the Vietcong, which they used throughout the conflict. B-52 bombers altogether dropped 8,000,000 tons of bombs between 1965 and 1973which equated to 300 tons of bombs per person living in Vietnam. This was over three times the amount dropped during the whole of World War Two. Aside from bombs the US also dropped a considerable amount of napalm, a mixture of petrol, phosphorous and a chemical thickener which attaches itself to the skin causing horrific fifth-degree burns to the victim, which could quite often be an unlucky US soldier. Agent Orange, a complex biological weapon was dropped over a lot of the thick vegetation of Vietnam, causing all plant life to die, potentially to expose any hiding Vietcong. The US pioneered the development of anti-personnel bombs, smaller than those dropped from the B-52s, such as the pineapple, which shot shards and needles of metal in all directions. With the many different developments of anti-personnel bombs it was the USs aim not to kill the North Vietnamese but to injure them badly. It cost the Vietcong worse in time and resources to help the injured, whilst dead simply needed burying. Ironically, the Vietcongs supply of explosives for mines and suchlike mostly came from the 800 tons of US bombs that were dropped every month which failed to explode. In order to counter the powerful and technologically-advanced US army, the  Vietcong employed guerrilla tactics which had been used to great effect in Mao Zedongs victory in winning China for communism. The Vietcong were split into small groups of between three and ten soldiers, known as a cell. Cells worked together but knowledge between them was kept to a minimum so that if the cell or part of it was captured and tortured, any confessions made would not damage the Vietcong side very much. The cells, who dressed in civilian clothing, would move between South Vietnamese villages winning the support of the NLF from the villagers. They would help the peasants, not do anything against their wishes and educate them on poverty and other issues, in exchange for food, political and sometimes even military support. To defeat the more powerful enemy, a guerrilla has to dictate the terms of warfare to its advantage. The Vietcong chose the setting of the borders of the thick dense forests of South Vietnam as ambush was very easy. Another of the technical advances on Americas side was the realisation that the helicopter could directly bring the troops straight into the heart of the battle and get them out again quickly. However there was a massive risk related to this. Once the US had decided on a landing area for the helicopter it was not difficult for it to be shot and destroyed by the Vietcong even in the few seconds it was touching the ground. After the troops had been dispatched they would be surrounded on most sides by an invisible enemy hidden in the forest, making the USs task a nightmare. It was not that the Vietcong and NLF leaders did not care that thousands of their soldiers were being sent into battle and being killed. It is that they had the will to continue doing so until the US gave up. Physical losses to the US were not as great as those losses from the American persons view of the war. This I will explain in the next and final question; Why was there such different reactions in the USA to the countrys involvement in the conflict in Vietnam in the 1960s.

How to Overcome Ethnocentrism

How to Overcome Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is when one tends to judge other ethnic or cultural groups according to the dominant, or superior, culture in which they belong. This judgment places special concern on behavior, customs, language, and religion. To overcome ethnocentrism through communication, one must first have an open mind in order to develop cultural awareness and sensitivity to others. To even the most highly motivated individuals wanting to reduce or eliminate their ethnocentrism, this is not an easy task. Efforts must be made to increase knowledge about cultural differences and similarities in order to have a better understanding of the need for a diverse population and to help overcome any prejudices. You may need to change lifelong beliefs about yourself and your culture. Moreover, recent research suggests that people often have beliefs and biases that theyre not even consciously aware of and that may even conflict with the beliefs they think they have. (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pg 75) Some ways in which to learn about other cultures would be to read foreign books, learn a foreign language, browse foreign internet sites, watch foreign movies or television, attend services from another religion, travel or study abroad, learn to appreciate cultural music, or join cultural clubs to cultivate friendships. A degree of ethnocentrism is natural when being introduced to a different culture. Fortunately these cross-cultural barriers can be overcome through exposure. In my life experiences, prejudices have simply been nothing other than fear of the unknown. Explain the eight main types of cultural differences. Provide an example of each (5 points). When communicating in a diverse world, one must recognize and accommodate cultural differences to avoid the chance of any misunderstandings. There are eight main types of cultural differences: contextual, legal and ethical, social, nonverbal signals, age, gender, religion, and ability. Any attempt at communicating, cultural context plays a role in. Cultural context is the pattern of physical cues, environmental stimuli, and implicit understanding that conveys meaning between two members of the same culture. (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pg 76) There are two types of cultural context, high-context and low-context. As an example, in a high-context culture, ones position and status is valued more highly than their competence, whereas in a low-context culture, ones competence, position and status are valued equally. Cultural context also affects legal and ethical differences. In a high-context culture, verbal agreements are viewed as more important than written agreements, and in a low-context culture, a written agreement is binding, with little to no value placed on a verbal agreement. The nature of social behavior differs between cultures, and at times, quite markedly. A good example of this difference is in a high-context culture, time is often seen as more flexible, meaning late schedules or appointments are overlooked in order to maintain relationships, whereas in a low-context culture, schedules, appointments, and deadlines have rigid requirements. Being late might be seen as disrespectful, lazy, or incompetent, and normally unacceptable. Nonverbal differences could be grouped along with social differences as they are both a type of behavior, but can also differ quite markedly between cultures. Examples of these differences can include greetings such as a handshake, possible intrusion of personal space, facial expressions, eye contact or posture. The remaining four differences, I believe could be grouped together, as each one, age, gender, and ability are things that one cannot change in themselves. Even though I feel religion should be a choice, in some cultures that it not allowed. All four of these differences have the potential to bring about controversy while communicating. Some cultures give the most respect, power, and freedom to their elders, while other cultures believe that the younger generation can bring fresh ideas and creativity to the table. Some cultures allow more women to hold executive positions, while others still believe men should hold the positions of authority. While some cultures find people with impaired abilities a significant disadvantage and may not give them equal opportunities, other cultures recognize these individuals as an opportunity to help them with tasks that they find difficult or almost impossible to perform, and can possibly lead to finding new inventions in which to aid these individu als. Some cultures believe they should be allowed to express their religious beliefs in any environment, while others do not believe in openly expressing themselves so as to avoid friction between individuals. In todays economy, anyone who can make a contribution that has a positive impact on society should be allowed, but we all must learn to see past our cultural differences. List and discuss the important components of successful intercultural communications (5 points). Intercultural communication is difficult and in order to communicate successfully, there are barriers we must work through. Important components of communicating successfully are to research and study other cultures and languages, learn to respect preferences for communication styles, learn to write and speak clearly and listen carefully, and help others adapt to your culture. Learning just the basics of any culture, even common phrases, can help get you through everyday situations. There are many ways of researching and studying other cultures and their languages from reading books, to watching movies, traveling to another country, or even taking classes to learn a second language. Knowing the communication style of a culture is particularly important in effectively communicating, whether it be verbally, or nonverbal. Learning other communication style also shows that you respect their culture. Writing and speaking clearly and listening carefully are also a part of effective communication. If youre in a meeting, making a presentation, or listening to a presentation, in order to give or get appropriate and realistic feedback, you must be an effective writer, speaker, and listener. One word can have different meanings to different cultures. When helping others adapt to your culture, both can learn which forms of communicating are easier for each culture w ritten or oral. Since successful communication plays such a vital role in todays society, it is imperative that any stumbling blocks be overcome so there can be a win-win situation for everyone involved. List the seven components of writing and speaking clearly. Provide an example of each (5 points). In learning to write and speak clearly, it is recommended one follow these seven components: 1) Use simple and precise language; 2) Be brief; 3) Use transitional elements; 4) Address international correspondence properly; 5) Cite numbers and dates carefully; 6) Avoid slang, idiomatic phrases, and business jargon; and 7) Avoid humor and other references to popular culture. Listed here are samples for each component: 1) the word run, used as a verb or noun, would have over 40 distinct meanings, where the word taxi, which may differ slightly in spelling would tend to be recognized as the same meaning; 2) organize your thoughts and materials to eliminate any redundancy so your information can be conveyed in the shortest and simplest way possible, and if need be, break information into smaller sections to help readers capture your message; 3) using transitional words and phrases such as even though, furthermore, because of all this helps readers understand what they are reading; 4) be sure you correctly use all address elements for a country, e.g. (city + hyphen + postcode), and another country may use (city + state (abbrev.) + postcode); 5) a date written as 1/2/03, in one country may mean the first of February, 2003, but in another country mean the second of January, 2003; 6) such idiomatic phrases as its on the tip of my tongue should be avoided as your audience may not have any idea what you mean; and 7) what is funny to one person can be entirely different from what the next person thinks. Lets say making a joke about a popular entertainer like why was Lady Gaga carried on stage in an eggshell and dressed like a newborn. This would most likely be completely alien to your audience. So unless you are familiar with your audience, it is best to avoid humor altogether. When communicating in intercultural conversations, whether speaking or writing, remember to become familiar with their communication style and adapt accordingly, and to follow the seven components of writing and speaking clearly. On page 94 of your text, do exercise 3.1 (Intercultural Sensitivity: Recognizing Variations). Be sure to provide a rationale for your answer and use citations or references to the text or other materials to support your answer. You may find it helpful to visit your textbook Web site and go to the Featured Web Sites section for Chapter 3, then visit the Executive Planet Web site for some additional information about communicating in a business setting with specific countries. (10 points) A Canadian toy company representative, Ms. McGraw, is in a first negotiations business meeting with Mr. Morioka, a manufacturer of miniature truck wheels in Osaka, Japan. Ms. McGraw has just finished explaining her companys expectations for the design process, the materials procurement, and aggressively emphasizing their willingness to close the deal by laying their contract out on the table. Mr. Morioka is increasingly vague in his response to accept the contract by saying softly, perhaps that will be difficult, shows little interest in the negotiations, and Ms McGraw doesnt understand why. One possibility of a cultural difference that could be affecting their communication is the fact that women still dont play a prominent role in business, and woman executives who visit those countries may find that theyre not taken seriously as businesspeople. (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pg 78) Age difference could also have an effect because in the Japanese business culture, elders are valued for their wisdom and experience they bring to the company. Another possibility could be in nonverbal communication such as how they are greeted or if there is a lot of direct and frequent eye contact. The Japanese traditionally prefer a slight bow of the head and eye contact can be considered aggressive. (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pg 80) All aspects of Japanese life, especially business relations, are governed by strict rules of etiquette. A foreign business person who is either ignorant of, or insensitive to, Japanese customs and etiquette needlessly jeopardizes his companys prospects in this country. (Japanese Customs, Etiquette, and Culture, http://www.buyusa.gov/japan/en/customs.html)

Review of Heavy Oil: Formation, Properties and Recovery

Introduction Oils with highly high densenesss and viscousnesss are termed as heavy oils. They are composed of long and high molecular weight compounds. Heavy oils are categorized with scope that is less than 220API to 100API ( American Petroleum Institute ) gravitation. Heavy oils that are less than 100API are to be referred as the excess heavy oil or Bitumen. The fluctuation between the excess heavy oils and bitumen is non merely the affair of API gravitation or their chemical composings but their Viscosity. The excess heavy oil is a type of oil that may resemble pitch sand bitumens and do non flux easy. They are recognized as holding mobility in the reservoir when compared with pitch sand bitumen which is incapable of mobility under the reservoir conditions. The word pitch sand is used to depict the sandstone reservoirs that are impregnated with a heavy and syrupy black petroleum oil that can non be retrieved through good conventional production techniques. Bitumen, referred as native asphalt i ncludes a broad assortment of ruddy brown to black stuffs of semisolid, syrupy to brittle character that can be in nature with no mineral dross or with mineral affair contents that may transcend 50 % by weight. Bitumen is more syrupy than excess heavy oil at reservoir force per unit area and temperature conditions. Bitumen is immobile and excess heavy oils have some grade of mobility at reservoir conditions. The ultra-heavy or excess heavy oils are denser than that of H2O which has an API gravitation of 100API. While the gravitation units API, do non depict the whole fluid belongingss of the petroleum which is represented by the oil viscousness. Like some petroleums might be of low gravitation but they have comparatively low viscousness at reservoir temperatures when compared with lighter petroleums. Heavy oils occupies scope along the continuum between ultra-heavy oils and visible radiation oils. The above estimations are mentioned by the Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . EIA revealed that there were 1646 billion barrels of proven militias in 2013. Globally, the recoverable militias of heavy oil and natural bitumen are equal to the staying militias of the conventional oil. Harmonizing to the informations analyzed informations Middle East states dominates in footings of the conventional oil militias while the South America, well the Venezuela leads the universe in footings of the heavy oil militias. Harmonizing to the above representations of conventional oil, heavy oils and bitumen sedimentations, the conventional oil production in Canada has diminution over the past few old ages from 1.2 million bd to 1 million bd including the visible radiation and medium classs oil every bit good as the heavy oil from Alberta and Saskatchewan Fieldss as of 2006. Harmonizing to the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers ( CAPP ) , during the same period of five twelvemonth span from 2001 to 2006 the entire production from the mined oil littorals and oil littorals produced in situ by the assistance of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage ( SAGD ) or may be through other methods increased from the 659000 bd in 2001 to 1.1 million bd in 2006 and this estimations might travel every bit high as 4 million bd in 2020. Russia has approximately 246.1 billion barrels of natural bitumen of which 33.7 billion barrels which is about merely the 14 % of entire is recoverable. The staying 86 % can non be rea listically recovered as they exists in distant countries or scattered in many little sedimentations. The nature of heavy oil is a job for recovery operations and for polishing due to high viscousness due to which makes the rendering recovery disbursal and the presence of sulfur content may be high and increases the disbursal of polishing the oil. When compared to conventional crude oil, heavy oil typically has the low proportions of volatile components with low molecular weights and well higher sums of high molecular weight compounds of lower volatility. The high molecular weight fraction of heavy oils are comprised of complex mixture of different molecular and chemical types incorporating a assorted bag of compounds which might non needfully be merely paraffin components or asphaltene components with higher thaw points and pour points that may greatly lend to hapless fluids belongingss and low mobility of the heavy oil. The presence of asphaltene components are non merely the primary cause for the high specific gravitation of the heavy oils nor are the premier cause for production jobs. It is besides indispensable to see the content of rosin components and aromatic components presence in the heavy oil during its recovery and production. Heavy oil, as a resource is ever overlooked due to its trouble and the higher production costs involved in conveying the heavy oil onto the surface from reservoirs. As described by the geochemists that when crude oil beginning stone is generated, the petroleum oil produced by it is non heavy but it becomes heavy after the significant debasement during migration and after the entrapment. Degradation occurs through a assortment of biological, chemical and physical procedures in the earth’s subsurface beds. Bacteria borne by surface H2O metabolise the paraffinic, napthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons into heavier molecules. Formation Waterss besides remove hydrocarbons by solution, rinsing off lower molecular-weight hydrocarbons, that are soluble in H2O. The petroleum oil besides finally degrades by the devolatilization if hapless quality seals allow lighter molecules to divide and get away. The heavy oil typically forms from the younger geological stone formations like Pleistocene , Pliocene and Miocene stones. Those reservoirs possess the tendancy to be shallow deepnesss and less effectual seals in the stone formations. By early periods of 1900s, new progressed oil recovery procedures were deevloped such as Cold Production which is a primary recovery procedure. By executing the Cold Production at reservoir temperatures, the recovery effeciencies range from merely 1 % to 10 % boulder clay it reaches the maximal economical recovery factors. Oilfield companies requires long term investing for heavy oil recovery and due to the ground that heavy oil creates conveyance troubles, is a more dearly-won and polishing techniques for bring forthing marketable merchandises. Therefore their engineering value is assessed by their ability for cut downing its entire cost. Most of the heavy oil Fieldss are shallow makes the boring costs non a dominant factor but the increasing factor of figure of many-sided Wellss and horizontal Wellss makes it to present some costs durng the development phases. Within these costs, the primary costs if for the doing the heavy oil to mobilise by shooting the steam required. Every part in the universe has oil possessing different physical belongingss and is at different phase of procedure adulthood, therefore every part uses different development and production techniques forheavy oil recovery. Mechanism of formation of Heavy oil: As the specific gravitation of reservoir oil lessenings with deepness, API graity additions with deepness. The ripening phenomenon of oil takes topographic point in beginning and reservoir stones which makes the kerogen bring forthing lighter oil with deepness in the latter. Hence, the mean tendency observed worldwide is that the higher API gravitation oil is found at th increasing depths though less oil is produced with deepness. This must be pointed out that these are general tendencies but there are exclusions. There are assorted procedures that change the original oil that is produced during the migration procedure of oil and due to its subsequent accretions. Different procedures inculdes the biodegradation, H2O lavation, oxidization, deasphalting/evaporation and discriminatory migration of the igniter constituents. Biodegradation of the petroleum oils can alter the composings and physical belongingss over a certain geological timescales. Different micro-organisms that are present in the deposits of the oil bearing stones and bearing the crude oil reservoirs. They utilize the hydrocarbons as the beginning of C for their metabolic procedures. That procedure may be aerophilic or anaerobiotic. Largely the hydrocarbons are oxidized into intoxicants and acids. Simple consecutive ironss are prefered, but as the biodegradation continues, more of the complex molecules are increasingly being consumed. The long chained paraffins are oxidized for giving di-acids. Similarly, napthene and aromatic rings are oxidized to di-alcohols. This biodegradation phenomenon consequences in the loss of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon content, roll uping rosins and asphaltenes and besides lessening of API gravitation which autmatically defines as addition in denseness of the oil. The biodegradation procedure an go thro ugh if the reserrvoir temperatures do non transcend 800to 820. Heavy oils influence on Physical Properties of Rocks During Production:Heavy oils have a shear modulus, act like a solid at low temperatures.They are strongly temperature dependant.Gas coming out of the solution might be it smallest sums can bring forth a big geophysical signature.Heavy oils normally acts as the cementing agent in unconsolidated littorals.During the production, reservoir stone matrix is frequently changed structurally.Physical belongingss of the stones possesing heavy oils are largely teperature dependant and frequence dependant every bit good.Simple Gassmann permutation will neglect in heavy oil reservoirs.Crude oils which chiefly has hydrocarbons or the coompounds consisting H and C merely. Other elements such as S, N and O are besides present in small sums and are combined with C and H in complex molecules. As these oils get heavier and becoome more viscours, their composing becomes complex and they forms concatenation and sheet constructions with the addition in thir molecular weights. Heavy oil, unlike conventional crude oil can non be recovered as an accretion unless there is any reservoir trap and that requires the boundary between the cap stone or any other waterproofing agent, and the reservoir stone by and large be in a bulging upward projection form, but the exact signifier of the boundary varies widely. Many of the oil and gas accumuylations are trapped in the anticlines or domes, these constructions are more conviniently detected than any other types of traps. Heavy Oil Recovery Techniques: Surface excavation: Surface excavation procedure is a wide class of excavation in which dirt and stone overlying the mineral sedimentations are removed. It is the antonym of belowground excavation, in which the overlying stone is left in topographic point, and the mineral removed through shafts or tunnels. Surface excavation began in the mid-sixteenth century [ 1 ] and is practiced throughout the universe, although the bulk of surface excavation occurs in North America. Surface excavation consists of three chief stages. After depriving off and carrying the site’s peculiarly fertile overburden, the pitch sand which is in the signifier of an ore is removed utilizing prodigious power shovels and shit trucks. In the 2nd stage the ore is washed in hot H2O, bitumen, and mulcts. A dissolver is added to the mixture to advance seperation of the bitumen. eventually the residuary mixture of H2O and sand is normally transferred to big deposit basins. The clarate is recycled and the settled solids are used to make full the cavity at the terminal of extraction operations. At the surface, the sites are rehabilitated which includes replacing an replanting the fertile overburden that was stockpiled at the beginning of the the undertaking. Mentions:Schlumberger Oilfield Review Magazine, Autumn 2002

The Wounded Platoon

Being currently in the military I have mixed reactions when viewing this video. I perform the same role as â€Å"Doc† Krebs did, but for the Air Force Reserve. There Is a lot to consider when discussing this documentary. It was well constructed In the sense that those interviewed held various positions representing nearly every step of the larger process that is the war. First I would like to discuss the issue of battle itself. Few of our nation's military actually sees combat, it is largely support for those who do. Of those who are placed In a combat situation the number of those is sustained combat day after day Is even fewer.Infantry during an offensive tactical plan are typically those who have suffered the worst. To make matters worse this particular war is extremely taxing of a person's psyche. Unlike most wars of the past the enemy is not readily identifiable. They wear no uniforms they blend in with the population. Threatening the locals into keeping quiet about which buildings they are in is not uncommon. It is no wonder that returning soldiers are scanning rooftops or firing at the first male they see viewing the site of an explosion. Who Is to say they didn't set It off?Often the explosion from an DIED Is the first wave of an oncoming attack and the gunfire is not far behind. It is easy to say that they should know better sitting on your couch watching this video. But nine months into a deployment especially one where you are on the offensive, not all people are strong enough to know the difference in that split second. The truth is we will never know. Many of the soldiers Interviewed trace the root of their problems back to the death of SST Huh. This was the first of many multiple traumas they encountered. They ere not yet numb to the effects of war.Numbness In itself Is a survival mechanism; as mentioned by a troop in the video, that is necessary to perform at the level needed. In that instant it's kill or be killed, nothing else matters. I t also was especially tragic since the SST that was killed was so well respected and liked. Some of the members did seek help and this is where we get our first glimpse of the larger problem. The speech given by George Bush sending an additional ASK troops Into battle sets off a chain reaction. There are only 25% of young people In this nation that are insider â€Å"fit† to join the military.This is due to a number of reasons such as weight, fitness level, health status, previous surgeries and intelligence level to name a few. It also takes a considerable amount of time from the start of a recruit signing the papers to get them to basic training, which can take months in itself. Then they must be able to complete that successfully and move on and successfully complete their lob specific training. There Is additional training specific to the region and special tactics that also must be completed before a member is even eligible to deploy.That is even if they are infantry as pr eviously mentioned, most of the military does not perform that role. So this brings us to the decisions made by the top level command. Does the military typically allow criminals? No. Do they allow those with pending charges to deploy? No. Do they allow those who are mentally unstable to deploy without first getting treatment? No. Until this war they didn't allow All of these factors security threat overseas, and it worked. A multitude of factors that will forever remain unknown to everyone except the few who made the rules and we will fully know what he rational was.With that being said when the president says you must send this many men, you do. In an ideal world there would be enough to go around. Sure they could have pulled from another base. But what the video doesn't address is anyone else's deployment cycle. This platoon was Just one of many in the same situation. Do you send someone over to Iraq for another year 2 months after they have been reunited with their family? The g eneral population and the vast majority of the military itself do not know the manning of the force or who is actually eligible to deploy out of those who are in. It is certainly a tough call to make.I'm certain that those who made it knew that there would be a downfall in some regard. In this case it is the medical system. The onset of this year we Just completed, has saw a tremendous surge in life- changing injuries and service connected disabilities. As mentioned in the video it is an abnormal situation to be placed in. Many of those who were shown in the video were deemed unfit for continued military service following their deployment, specifically for PETS. A diagnosis of PETS cannot be made initially after a traumatic vent, the symptoms must be present for several months and disrupt daily functioning.Irritability, a sense of being on guard, short temper, easily startled and nightmares are some of a plethora of symptoms experienced. Access to care is another shortfall mentioned in this video. Some of the soldiers did not seek treatment due to stigma. Others such as Nash sought treatment too late after he had resorted to drugs and alcohol first. I will say that the military did fail them in the sense of the initial treatment. I wish I knew why this was the case. I can only speculate that it is due to not being fully aware of the tuition, money and a lack of available resources to treat these members.This brings us to another failure not mentioned in the video. It is unclear what role the soldiers next in their chain of command (direct supervisor) played in this process. They could have advocated for the member, but more importantly they could have simply been there and stuck with them through every aspect of their treatment giving them support at every turn. It is impossible to tell from the video if an attempt was made and the supervisor was shut out, or if one of these men portrayed was the supervisor of the others. That is how the leadership system brok e down.There is absolutely no way that the commander is responsible directly. Commanders are only informed of a patient seeking mental health treatment and they follow the recommendations given by those who actually evaluated the patient. They are given zero information on the diagnosis. Secondly they would be completely unaware of their subordinates behavior off duty. The failure of the mental health system in the military is not surprising. The VA system is shambles and has been before the influx of patients since the onset of this ar.Staffing and overcrowding is commonplace, at least it would appear the federal government cannot turn a blind eye anymore and is addressing this issue. The mental health system has strict rules about duty limitations and determines who is eligible for continued service based on condition but it is obvious in this case they if this process was started on these members as it can take months for a member to be considered at maximal medical improvement. It is only at this point after the government has done everything in their power to aid the member that they can aka the decision to retain or discharge the individual.They simply may not have had the time, or the member may have forced leadership's hand by committing other faults such as felonies as evidenced in the video. It is certainly disheartening to see our military portrayed in this fashion although for some it is a reality. Despite what is shown in this video I feel that our mental health in the US military is performing better than ever before and operates at a high level. Certainly they could use more resources and staff but that cost money that may not be slotted for this particular concern.Budget drives every action in Washington and sometimes it takes a crisis before those who serve us will listen. It will take years to rectify the VA system, and there will also be problems and people lost in the system as they try to seek help as they are exiting the military by choic e or otherwise. I am proud to serve in the military and help those who are wounded, physically or psychologically and will continue to do so. You must have faith that those above you are making the best and most informed decisions they can, even though you will never understand the factors that went into such a decision.

3 Cases of Poorly Constructed Points and Counterpoints

3 Cases of Poorly Constructed Points and Counterpoints 3 Cases of Poorly Constructed Points and Counterpoints 3 Cases of Poorly Constructed Points and Counterpoints By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, a point and a counterpoint are posited, but the phrasing that supports them is poorly constructed; explanations and revisions that follow each example describe the problem and provide a solution. 1. The cynic in me believes it’s rarely done for aesthetic reasons but for strictly commercial ones. This sentence requires an adverb complementary to rarely, and because that word and its opposite must share the verb done, the verb must precede both adverbs: â€Å"The cynic in me believes it’s done rarely for aesthetic reasons but often for strictly commercial ones.† 2. The audience doesn’t quite receive the events of the movie as a crisis, but rather as a calamity. Similarly, for the point and counterpoint in this example to effectively share the verb receive, that word should immediately follow the subject, which requires delaying the not from its disguised appearance in the front-positioned doesn’t to immediately before the point, parallel with rather positioned before the counterpoint: â€Å"The audience receives the events of the movie not as a crisis, but rather as a calamity.† 3. Don’t fear the enemy that attacks you, but the fake friend who hugs you. This sentence may appear correct at first glance, but it is flawed in that the second half of the sentence doesn’t work as an independent clause (it lacks a verb following the conjunction but) or a dependent clause (it is complementary to, rather than dependent on, the main clause). The revision â€Å"Don’t fear the enemy that attacks you, but fear the fake friend who hugs you† is technically correct but flat, and it does not bear the same emphasis. â€Å"Fear not the enemy that attacks you, but the fake friend who hugs you† is valid because positioning fear before not allows â€Å"the enemy who attacks you† and â€Å"the fake friend who hugs you† to be parallel in construction. However, the archaic-looking syntax may be off-putting, so consider revising the statement so that it consists of independent clauses separated by a period or, better yet, a semicolon: â€Å"Don’t fear the enemy that attacks you; fear the fake friend who hugs you.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?Try to vs. Try and20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Panama Canal essays

Panama Canal essays The Panama Canal is one of the greatest works of engineering and modern achievements of mankind. An all-water passage through the continental divide of the Panama region had been suggested since early Spanish colonial times of the 16th century. The reality of a canal through the Isthmus of Panama came to be when the French began work in 1881. After 20 years of laboring on the construction of the canal the French had exhausted their resources and capital. As the U.S. expanded across the North American continent and continued to become a world power, a more practical way was needed to travel from Pacific to Atlantic. The United States purchased the rights and assets from France in 1902 and took over the task of building the canal. President Roosevelt saw the opportunity of having an inter-oceanic canal that would provide easy access to the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans for the U.S. merchant and naval ships. The U.S. labored for ten years and in 1914 the canal was finished. The a ccomplishment of constructing the Panama Canal was a major factor in the U.S. becoming a dominant force throughout the seas. Millions of dollars and thousands of lives later one of the greatest endeavors of mankind was complete. In 1880 the French set out on their quest to construct a canal through the Isthmus of Panama. The company estimated that they could complete a sea-level canal in eight years. In 1881 Yellow Fever struck at an alarming rate along with Malaria. At that time the people did not realize the connection between the diseases and the mosquitoes that carried them. The hospitals were breeding grounds for these deadly mosquitoes. People with medical conditions other than malaria or yellow fever would go to the hospital and then contract the disease. When people noticed this happening they started avoiding hospitals. By 1884 the work force of the French was at its maximum of 19,000 workers. In 1885 yellow fever was constant as many o...

Pros and Cons of Globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Pros and Cons of Globalization - Research Paper Example (Mcausland 5-20). It certainly controls a global process. The concept of globalization is however quiet old. Some connotations refer it with a revolution, a concept and a global market establishment which is free from social and political colonialism, regression and destabilization while others refer to stability and development, cooperation and integration and progress. The interpretation of globalization is defined by an individual’s social status, political ideology, and cultural background, local and religious and ethnic background. According to Pugel (104-140), â€Å"Globalization is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy. Globalization refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world. Globalization involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure.† Thus it can be understood that no particular definition is capable of defining globalization encompassing its entire positive and negative traits. However, many researchers and authors have provided descriptions which comprehend one or more realities of globalization. Globalization is a process which shrinks the world by diminishing distances and bringing things closer to one another. It can be compared to the availability and increasing ease through which individuals at one corner of the globe can interact with another individual at the other end of the globe, for mutual benefit. The term global society was coined by Albrow (1990). According to him, globalization can be referred to all those activities and processes through which individuals around the globe are incorporated into one societal world, known as global society. Globalization is increasingly becoming omnipresent (Friedman 10). It is regarded as one of the most important change in the history of human culture. This can be reflected in various domains, especially in social structures, social relationships which are widely dispersed around globe. It has been found out the criticism surrounding globalization is equally strong. Recent growth of various anti-globalization campaigns and groups are a proof that people are not completely satisfied with the policies and opportunities provided by a globalised economy. According to critics, globalization has resulted in weaker and smaller countries losing their culture and traditional features. Globalization has created so many associations and pacts within countries that economic crisis are spreading from one country to another at a much faster rate than expected. Critics also argue that dictatorship of more powerful countries over others is becoming clearer. Nations are not able to control migration or financial flows. Inequality as well as unemployment is other factors which have pushed globalization into the negative side. The current research is aimed an analyzing the pros and cons of globalization. Globalization and its various concepts will be discussed in order to get a better view of its present status as well as history and evolution. The various advantages and

Effectiveness of Monetary Policy for the UK Essay

Effectiveness of Monetary Policy for the UK - Essay Example It therefore concerns the relationship between total supply of money and interest rates in a given economy. According to Julio, (2004) the main objectives of monetary policy are as follows: It creates more employment opportunities since the central bank can encourage the commercial banks to provide more loans to the sectors which will in return employ more people this reducing unemployment. Eurozone came into existence in 1998 after a meeting of eleven European Union members who agreed on the convergence principles. This was followed by the official launch of the euro as a common currency in 1st of January 1999. currently the Eurozone has over three hundred and eight million people and twelve member states which includes Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Ireland, Greece, Germany, France ( with the exception of pacific territories which uses CFP franc), Finland, Belgium and Austria. (ECB, 2001) Being a subset of the member states of the European Union Eurozone has adopted the euro as a common currency thus resulting in the currency union amongst the member states. The European Central Bank (ECB) carries the responsibility of monetary policy within this territory .With the monetary policy that is used by the Euro zone being the inflation targeting. The European Monetary Union (EMU) is very much operational with the UK being ambivalent on whether to join or not. By it being an economic and political issue monetary union has generated divergent views from the professional economists, business opinion and the general public opinion as to whether it would be important for UK to join. It is clear that presently European economic union is not a popular option in the UK. (Angeloni and Mojon, 2003) The Surveys conducted by the British Social Attitudes has regularly indicated that less than a fifth of individuals who have polled since 1993 would buy the idea of replacing the pound with euro a result that has been confirmed in the 1999 release. (Tommaso, 2004) However, it has been argued that most of this public opinion could be influenced in a favourable manner by the It has also been argued that public opinion could be favourably influenced by the pro-EMU business opinion revelations. This paper will look at the economic issue although it will still touch on the political issues emanating from joining