Inflammation :: science

Inflammation Inflammation is the bodies normal response to injured tissues, although it can sometimes lead to further tissue damage. It was first described around 30 BC by Celsius, as tumour (swelling), rubor (redness), calor (heat) and dolour (pain); although excess secretion and loss of function are now commonly added. Inflammation is a response which has evolved to try and put things right in a damaged tissue, for example the pain and loss of function allow the tissue to heal easier whilst the heat and redness are caused by an increased blood flow to the tissue. (1) Inflammation occurs to control infection or injury, to eliminate pathogens, and to initiate healing and tissue repair. (2) An inflammatory pathology is usually indicated by the suffix '-itis', such as in bronchitis, dermatitis, orchitis and enteritis, and can be either acute or chronic. (1) It is a non-specific defence and so the response of the body to a cut, burn, radiation, bacteria or virus are all very similar. There are three basic stages to inflammation: 1) Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels, 2) Phagocyte emigration, and 3) Tissue repair (3) Unfortunately, sometimes inflammation can be the cause of, or increase the symptom severity of a disease, such as in: Tuberculosis, leprosy and syphilis, which are persistent infections with low virulence micro-organisms Silicosis, atherosclerosis and radiation, prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents. Rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune diseases (4) Body Acute inflammation occurs rapidly, within a few hours after the injury or infection occurs to which the inflammation is acting. Initially venules and arterioles dilate, causing hyperaemia. This then decreases and the vessels increase their permeability, allowing blood plasma and platelets into the tissue as serous exudate. this causes an oedema (excess fluid in the tissue). Fibrinogen in the exudate is converted to fibrin, which deposits itself to help to localise tissue damage and control bleeding. (2) Within an hour of the inflammation starting neutrophils, and then hours later monocytes, arrive on the scene. They leave the bloodstream by emigration (also known as diapedesis), dependent on chemotaxis; they are attracted by microbes, kinins, complement and other neutrophils. These neutrophils attempt to destroy the foreign bodies by phagocytosis. Any remaining dead phagocytes or damaged tissue after a few days becomes purulent exudate, or pus. This may be broken down in the body or may reach the surface of the body, but if it cannot be an abscess may be formed.

Probability Theory and Mathematical Systems Probability

Mathematical Systems Probability Solutions by Bracket A First Course in Probability Chapter 4—Problems 4. Five men and 5 women are ranked according to their scores on an examination. Assume that no two scores are alike and all 10! possible rankings are equally likely. Let X denote the highest ranking achieved by a woman (for instance, X = 1 if the top-ranked person is female). Find P X = i , i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 8, 9, 10. Let Ei be the event that the the ith scorer is female. Then the event X = i correspdonds to the cc event E1 E2  ·  ·  · Ei . It follows that ccP X = i = P (E1 E2  ·  ·  · Ei ) . c c c c c = P (E1 )P (E2 |E1 )  ·  ·  · P (Ei |E1  ·  ·  · Ei? 1 ) Thus we have P X=i i 1/ 1 2 5/ 2 18 5/ 3 36 5/ 4 84 5/ 5 252 1/ 6 252 0. 7, 8, 9, 10 12. In the game of Two-Finger Morra, 2 players show 1 or 2 ? ngers and simultaneously guess the number of ? ngers their opponent will show. If only one of the players guesses correctly, he wins an amount (in dol lars) equal to the sum of the ? ngers shown by him and his opponent. If both players guess correctly or if neither players guess correctly, then no money is exchanged. Consider a speci? d player and denote by X the amount of money he wins in a single game of Two-Finger Morra. a. If each player acts independently of the other, and if each player makes his choice of the number of ? ngers he will hold up and the number he will guess that his opponent will hold up in such a way that each of the 4 possibilities is equally likely, what are the possible values of X and what are their associated probabilities? A given player can only win 0,  ±2,  ±3, or  ±4 dollars. Consider two players A and B , and let X denote player A’s winnings. Let Aij denote the event that player A shows i ? gers and guesses j , and de? ne Bij similarly for player B. 1 We have P X = 2 = P (A11 B12 ) = P (A11 )P (B12 ) = 1  · 1 = 16 , since we have assumed that 44 1 Aij and Bij are independent and that P (Aij ) = P (Bij ) = 4 . Similarly, we have P X = 3 = 1 1 1 P (A12 B22 ? A21 B11 ) = 16 + 16 = 1 and P X = 4 = P (A22 B21 ) = 16 . Note that the situation 8 1 is completely symmetric for player B, so the we have P X = ? 2 = P X = ? 4 = 16 and 1 P X = ? 3 = 1 . Finally, we have P X = 0 = 1 ? P X = 0 = 1 ? 1 = 2 . 8 2 b. Suppose that each player acts independently of the other.If each player decides to hold up the same number of ? ngers that he guesses his opponent will hold up, and if each player is equally likely to hold up 1 or 2 ? ngers, what are the possible values of X and their associated probabilities? Neither player can win any money in this scenario. If player A shows 1 ? nger and guesses B will show 1 ? nger, then A can only win if B shows 1 ? nger. But if B shows 1 ? nger, then B will guess that A will show 1 ? nger, and thus neither player will win. The same holds for when A shows 2 ? ngers and guesses that B will show 2 ? ngers. Thus, we have P X = 0 = 1. Mathematical S ystems Probability 20. A gambling book recommends the following â€Å"winning strategy† for the game of roulette. It recommends 18 that the gambler bet $1 on red. If red appears (which has probability 38 ), then the gambler should take her $1 pro? t and quit. If the gambler loses this bet (which has probability 20 of occurring), she should 38 make additional $1 bets on red on each of the next two spins of the roulette wheel and then quit. Let X denote the gambler’s winnings when she quits. a. Find P X > 0 . Note that X only takes on the values ? 3, ? 1, and 1. Thus P X>0 =P X=1 P (she wins immediately or she loses and then wins the next two) = P (she wins immediately) + P (she loses and then wins the next two) 18 20 18 18 = +  ·  · ? . 592 38 38 38 38 b. Are you convinced that the winning strategy is indeed a â€Å"winning† strategy? Explain your answer! The expected value of X is negative (? ?. 108), which is accounted for by the fact that although the gamb ler has a high probability of winning $1, she could also lose $3, and the probability of this occuring is not low enough to make the game worth playing in the long run. 21. A total of 4 buses carrying 148 students form the same school arrives at a football stadium.The buses carry, respectively, 40, 33, 25, and 50 students. One of the students is randomly selected. Let X denote the number of students that were on the bus carrying this randomly selected student. One of the 4 bus drivers is also randomly selected. Let Y denote the number of students on her bus. a. Which of E [X ] or E [Y ] do you think is bigger? Why? We should expect E [X ] to be larger since it’s the per-student average rather than the per-bus average, just as the per-student average class size was larger than the per-class average class size (from the example in class). b.Compute E [X ] and E [Y ]. We have 33 40 50 25  · 25 +  · 33 +  · 40 +  · 50 ? 39. 28 148 148 148 148 1 1 1 1 E [Y ] =  · 25 +  · 33 +  · 40 +  · 50 = 37 4 4 4 4 E [X ] = 27. An insurance company writes a policy to the e? ect that an amount of money A must be paid if some event E occurs within a year. If the company estimates that E will occur within a year with probability p, what should it charge the customer in order that its expected pro? t will be 10 percent of A? Let X be denote the company’s pro? t at the end of the year, and w be the amount that the customer is charged. The company’s pro? is w if E does not occur within the year, and w ? A if E does occur within the year. Thus P X = w = (1 ? p) and P X = w ? A = p. Therefore E [X ] = w(1 ? p) + (w ? A)p = w ? Ap. We set E [X ] = . 1A to obtain w = A(p + . 1). 2 Mathematical Systems Probability 31. Each night di? erent meteorologists give us us the probability that it will rain the next day. To judge how well these people predict, we will score each of them as follows: If a meteorologist says that it will rain with probability p, th en he or she will receive a score of 1 ? (1 ? p)2 if it does rain, 1 ? p2 if it does not rain.We will then keep track of scores over a certain time span and conclude that the meteorologist with the highest average score is the best predictor of weather. Suppose now that a given meteorologist is aware of this and wants to maximize his or her expected score. If this person truly believes that it will rain tomorrow with probability p? , what value of p should he or she assert so as to maximize the expected score? Let X be the score that the meteorologist receives, given that she has asserted that it will rain tomorrow with probability p. Then P X = [1 ? (1 ? p)2 ] = p? and P X = (1 ? p2 ) = (1 ? ? ). It follows that E [X ] = [1 ? (1 ? p)2 ]p? + (1 ? p2 )(1 ? p? ), which we rearrange and write as a function of p to obtain E [X ] = f (p) = ? p2 + 2p? p + 1 ? p? . We di? erentiate with respect to p to obtain f (p) = ? 2p + 2p? , which clearly has a zero at p = p? . It is straightforward t o verify that f has a maximum at this zero, so the meteorologist should assert p = p? as the probability that it will rain tomorrow. 41. A man claims to have extrasensory perception. As a test, a fair coin is ? ipped 10 times, and the man is asked to predict the outcome in advance. He gets 7 out of 10 correct.What is the probability that he would have done at least this well if he had no ESP? If the man were just guessing, then on each ? ip he would have probability p = 1 of getting the 2 correct answer. Let X be the number of correct guesses out of a sequence of 10 coin ? ips, and we can see that X is a binomial random variable with parameters 10 and 1 . Thus P X ? 7 = 2 10 10 1 i 1 10? i 11 (2) (2) = 64 . i=7 i 51. The expected number of typographical errors on a page of a certain magazine is . 2. What is the probability that the next page you read contains (a)0 and (b)2 or more typographical errors?Explain your reasoning. Let X be the number of typographical errors on a page of a magazine. Then X is a Poisson random variable with parameter ? = E [X ] = . 2. We then have P X = 0 = e?. 2 ? .819 and P X ? 2 = 1 ? P X < 2 = 1 ? P X = 0 ? P X = 1 = 1 ? e?. 2 ? .2e?. 2 ? .0175. 57. Suppose that the number of accidents occurring on a highway each day is a Poisson random variable with parameter ? = 3. a. Find the probability that 3 or more accidents occur today. Let X denote the number of accidents on the stretch of road. Then P X ? 3 = 1 ? P X < 3 = 1 ? e? 3 ? 3e? 3 ? 9 e? 3 ? .577. 2 b.Repeat part (a) under the assumption that at least 1 accident occurs today. Note that that the event â€Å"there are three or more accidents today,† is a subset of the event â€Å"there is at least one accident today,† and thus the intersection of the two is just the former. It follows that P X? 3 1 ? e? 3 ? 3e? 3 ? 9 e? 3 2 P X ? 3|X ? 1 = = ? . 607. 1 ? e? 3 P X? 1 3 Mathematical Systems Probability 63. People enter a gambling casino at a rate of 1 for every 2 minut es. a. What is the probability that no one enters between 12:00 and 12:05? If X is the number of people entering within the 5 minute interval, then X is a Poisson random 5 variable with parameter ? = 2  · 5. Thus, P X = 0 = e? 2 ? .082. b. What is the probability that at least 4 people enter the casino during that time? Using the same random variable as above, we have 5 55 25 ? 5 125 ? 5 e 2? e 2 ? .242 P X ? 4 = 1 ? e? 2 ? e? 2 ? 2 4  · 2! 8  · 3! 68. In response to an attack of ten missiles, ? ve hundred antiballistic missiles are launched. The missile targets of the antiballistic missiles are independent, with each being equally likely to go towards any of the missiles. If each antiballistic missile independently hits its target with probability . , use the Poisson paradigm to approximate the probability that all missiles are hit. Consider one particular missile M . A particular antiballistic missile A selects M as its target with probability . 1, and if A selects M then it has probability . 1 of hitting it. Hence any such A will hit M with probability (. 1)(. 1) = . 01. Then the likely number of times M gets hit is roughly 500(. 01) = 5. Hence by the Poisson paradigm, if X is M ’s likely number of hits then X is a Poisson(5) variable. Thus the probability that M is hit is P X > 0 = 1 ? P X = 0 = 1 ? e? 5 .There are 10 missiles, so the probability that all of them are hit is then roughly (1 ? e? 5 )10 . 71. Consider a roulette wheel consisting of 38 numbers—1 through 36, 0, and double 0. If Smith always bets that the outcome will be one of the numbers 1 through 12, what is the probability that a. Smith will lose his ? rst 5 bets; Since Smith will lose with probability 26 38 , we will lose his ? rst 5 bets with probability ( 13 )5 ? .15. 19 b. his ? rst win will occur on his 4th bet? Note that this is a geometric random variable with parameter p = 12 (or alternatively, a negative 38 inomial random variable with parameters p = 12 and r = 1 ). Smith’s ? rst win will occur on his 38 13 6 4th bet with probabiltity ( 19 )3  · 19 ? .101. 75. A fair coin is continually ? ipped until heads appears for the tenth time. Let X denote the number of tails that occur. Compute the probability mass function of X . Let Y be a negative binomial random variable with parameters p = 1 and r = 10. An appropriate 2 sequence with n tails in it must contain n + 10 ? ips in it total, and thus n+10 (n + 10) ? 1 r n+9 1 P X = n = P Y = n + 10 = p (1 ? p)(n+10)? r = 2 r? 1 9 4

Industrialization During The United States - 1056 Words

Industrialization in the Unites States occurred between 1850 and 1950. It was the approach from the United States to become larger with enhanced technology to produce a life which cost less and was more efficient. While some might dispute that Industrialization had primarily positive consequences for society because of an abundance of job opportunities, it had a negative impact on society. Therefore, industrialization’s negative effects were atrocious working conditions, children’s little or no education, and pollution from factories. The employees had horrendous working conditions that they had to endure because their pay was needed to support their family. One example, â€Å"[Before] dawn my labor drives me forth, Tis night when I am free;† (Document 2). This parent works all day and night, thus never able to spend time with their son. Therefore, the son has been able to have a roof over his head due to his parent’s paycheck yet never get the affection that he desperately demands. In addition, Elizabeth Bentley testified, â€Å"C: You are considerably deformed in person as a consequence of this labour? B: Yes I am† (Document 7). Working conditions today are, luckily, much better with laws regulating associations from engaging people to do painstaking, fatal assignments and operations. Yet, they did not have sympathy for the people at this point because the public desired more money and cheaper goods. According to Lewis Hine’s photo, â€Å"the children stood on top of the machines nearShow MoreRelatedIndustrialization During The United States1056 Words   |  5 PagesIndustrialization in the United States occurred between 1850 and 1950. It was the approach from the United States to become larger with enhanced technology to produce a life which cost less and was more efficient. While some might dispute that Industrialization had primarily positive consequences for society because of an abundance of job opportunities , it had a negative impact on society. 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History Professor Anthony McCormack November 9, 2014 Industrialization after the Civil War When the Civil War was declared over, the United States became a better nation because of the Constitutional Amendments that were passed outlawing slavery and giving the government as well as the state the ability to serve and protect everyone. This paper will also show major aspects ofRead MoreIndustrial Revolution1160 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Industrialization of the 19th Century in America Matt Capone FIN 419 Professor Moore May 3, 2014 Over the course of time, the country of America has changed in many ways. Towards the end of the 19th century, a significant change took place in the fundamental structure of the economy. That change was industrialization. During this time period, the United States of America changed from a large, agricultural country, to an urban industrial society. 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Though the war was over, there were still many problems that needed to be resolved in order to reunite the states as a nation. The time period in which steps were taken to rebuild the nation is known as reconstruction. Reconstruction lasted from 1865 until 1877. TheRead MoreIndustrialization : The Transformation Period From An Agricultural Economy1157 Words   |  5 PagesIndustrialization: the transformation period from an agricultural economy to a mass-producing one. This is an essential step towards avoiding poverty that is established in less-developed states by transitioning from an agrarian to an industrial society. Two broad aspects of industrializing are a change in labor activity, such as farming to manufacturing, and how productive economic output occurs. Within this process, new industries are allowed to develop and the quality of life is improved due toRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Industrialization 908 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 19th century, modifications and innovative ideas formed what would shape the face of the modern world. Industrialization was the shift from an agrarian and handmade economy to a machine and manufactured one (Judge 664). It transpired in Britain first and eventually spread across the Atlantic and the United States. Industrialization helped pave the way towards more workers’ rights, stronger nations, improved economies, and improvements for the middle and lower classes. The movement forRead MoreSecond Industrial Revolution1000 Words   |  4 Pagesdescription of two developments of industrialization that positively affected the United States and two developments that negatively affected the United States will be discussed. An analysis of whether or not industrialization was generally beneficial or detrimental to the lives of Americans and the history of the United States will be outlined. Second US Industrial Revolution, 1870 -1910 In this brief paper, a description of two developments of industrialization that positively affected AmericanRead MoreIndustrialization During The Civil War1281 Words   |  6 Pages The Industrialization era in the United States brought immense change to the rebuilding country after the civil war. During the Industrialization era in the United States reforms were made to help create a better working condition to go along with the increase of production and growing number of people in the workforce. Key individuals helped advance the process of a more industrialized America, however corruption in business and politics also monopolies in certain parts of industries came with Industrialization During The United States - 1056 Words Industrialization in the United States occurred between 1850 and 1950. It was the approach from the United States to become larger with enhanced technology to produce a life which cost less and was more efficient. While some might dispute that Industrialization had primarily positive consequences for society because of an abundance of job opportunities, it had a negative impact on society. Therefore, industrialization’s negative effects were atrocious working conditions, children’s little or no education, and pollution from factories. The employees had horrendous working conditions that they had to endure because their pay was needed to support their family. One example, â€Å"[Before] dawn my labor drives me forth, Tis night when I am free;† (Document 2). This parent works all day and night, thus never able to spend time with their son. Therefore, the son has been able to have a roof over his head due to his parent’s paycheck yet never get the affection that he desperately demands. In addition, Elizabeth Bentley testified, â€Å"C: You are considerably deformed in person as a consequence of this labour? B: Yes I am† (Document 7). Working conditions today are, luckily, much better with laws regulating associations from engaging people to do painstaking, fatal assignments and operations. Yet, they did not have sympathy for the people at this point because the public desired more money and cheaper goods. According to Lewis Hine’s photo, â€Å"the children stood on top of the machines nearShow MoreRelatedIndustrialization During The United States1056 Words   |  5 PagesIndustrialization in the Unites States occurred between 1850 and 1950. It was the approach from the United States to become larger with enhanced technology to produce a life which cost less and was more efficient. While some might dispute that Industrialization had primarily positive consequences for society because of an abundance of job opportunities , it had a negative impact on society. Therefore, industrialization’s negative effects were atrocious working conditions, children’s little or noRead MoreThe Industrialization of the Northern United States Essays1504 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the industrialization of the United States north produced a â€Å"complete revolution† in Americans’ â€Å"life and manners.† The complete revolution that Bushnell speaks of was an era of industrialization triggered by a population growth, an increase in literacy rates, and the development of labor-saving technologies in the northern region of the United States. This dramatic economic and social transformation instigated a series of outcomes, both positive and negative, for the United States during the earlyRead MoreHis 105 Assignment 21361 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Industrialization after the Civil War John E. Brown Strayer University HIS 105- Contemporary U. S. History Professor Anthony McCormack November 9, 2014 Industrialization after the Civil War When the Civil War was declared over, the United States became a better nation because of the Constitutional Amendments that were passed outlawing slavery and giving the government as well as the state the ability to serve and protect everyone. This paper will also show major aspects ofRead MoreIndustrial Revolution1160 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Industrialization of the 19th Century in America Matt Capone FIN 419 Professor Moore May 3, 2014 Over the course of time, the country of America has changed in many ways. Towards the end of the 19th century, a significant change took place in the fundamental structure of the economy. That change was industrialization. During this time period, the United States of America changed from a large, agricultural country, to an urban industrial society. The process of industrializationRead MoreImperialism And The United States Experience During World War I855 Words   |  4 PagesDuring World War One, the United States encountered many challenges, affecting America and Foreign Nations and their respective populations. Imperialism, economic expansion and industrialization impacted the United States’ experience during World War One. Americans were forced to recognize their strengths and weaknesses internally and externally. Imperialism is defined as a policy or practice by which a country increases its power by gaining control over other areas of the world . Prior to UnitedRead MoreReconstruction and Industrialization1446 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1: â€Å"America’s Post-Civil War Growing Pains† Reconstruction and Industrialization 1865-1900 Four years after the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter the Civil War ended with the Union’s Victory over the Confederacy. Though the war was over, there were still many problems that needed to be resolved in order to reunite the states as a nation. The time period in which steps were taken to rebuild the nation is known as reconstruction. Reconstruction lasted from 1865 until 1877. TheRead MoreIndustrialization : The Transformation Period From An Agricultural Economy1157 Words   |  5 PagesIndustrialization: the transformation period from an agricultural economy to a mass-producing one. This is an essential step towards avoiding poverty that is established in less-developed states by transitioning from an agrarian to an industrial society. Two broad aspects of industrializing are a change in labor activity, such as farming to manufacturing, and how productive economic output occurs. Within this process, new industries are allowed to develop and the quality of life is improved due toRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Industrialization 908 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 19th century, modifications and innovative ideas formed what would shape the face of the modern world. Industrialization was the shift from an agrarian and handmade economy to a machine and manufactured one (Judge 664). It transpired in Britain first and eventually spread across the Atlantic and the United States. Industrialization helped pave the way towards more workers’ rights, stronger nations, improved economies, and improvements for the middle and lower classes. The movement forRead MoreSecond Industrial Revolution1000 Words   |  4 Pagesdescription of two developments of industrialization that positively affected the United States and two developments that negatively affected the United States will be discussed. An analysis of whether or not industrialization was generally beneficial or detrimental to the lives of Americans and the history of the United States will be outlined. Second US Industrial Revolution, 1870 -1910 In this brief paper, a description of two developments of industrialization that positively affected AmericanRead MoreIndustrialization During The Civil War1281 Words   |  6 Pages The Industrialization era in the United States brought immense change to the rebuilding country after the civil war. During the Industrialization era in the United States reforms were made to help create a better working condition to go along with the increase of production and growing number of people in the workforce. Key individuals helped advance the process of a more industrialized America, however corruption in business and politics also monopolies in certain parts of industries came with

Personal Ethics Paper - 1160 Words

Personal Ethics Statement According to Guido, ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the evaluation of human action. A broader definition would be that ethics involves the principles or assumptions underpinning the way individuals or groups ought to conduct themselves. In today’s continuous changing world, the one thing that remains constant for most of us is our personal value system of beliefs, known as ethics. Ethics can also be referred to as morals. Therefore, ethics are those morals that reflect and indicate issues that concern behaviors that are right or wrong and the good and bad habits of individual character. This important standard of beliefs can in most cases create the difference in attitudes from others both†¦show more content†¦As a child I was taught to be polite and to never use obscenities, that there are many words within the English language that I can use to express myself and this was enforce by family and teachers and I was aware of the consequences of disob eying rules set forth. A core principle that was instilled in me was to always ask for something, but most importantly the value of earning and deserving of getting rewards, that nothing in life that is not earned without hard work and sacrifice. In earning these rewards one can appreciate hard work and know the value of hard work. Another important value taught to me as child is to be willing to share with others and that there is joy and fulfillment in sharing and an appreciation for what you have and not to covet things your neighbors have. 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The Media Images Of Beauty - 1665 Words

The modern beauty standard has become an increasingly important issue because people have the freedom to decide, but the media largely influenced these choices on about beauty standard. Our advance of technology helps communicate with each other, but people are not fully aware of the influence of media. That is a major problem. The media broadcast images of beauty to control people consciously. Technological advance helps people to reach the information quickly and cumulatively, but media not always making people feel good about themselves. Most of the people experience powerless when a society values youth and beauty because it is impossible to meet beauty standard. People bombarded by images of men and women who are thin, beautiful, and youthful. This norm is slowly taking away an individual’s freedom of self-expression and consequently lose sense of self-worth. Camille Paglia, an academic and social critic who earned her PhD at Yale University, uses her artistic sensibility to argue that the current trend of plastic surgery leads to ethical issues, such as narcissism, sexism, and racism in â€Å"The Pitfall of Plastic Surgery†. Meanwhile, Daniel Akst, New York born journalist, claims that the attitudes of the typical American’s carelessness about their outfit and physical beauty in â€Å"What Meets the Eye†. Both authors define the beauty standard that created by the media and claim the issue of how the media set up the wrong beauty standard for audience; it is unattainable forShow MoreRelatedBeauty and Body Image in the Media978 Words   |  4 PagesReview Of Literature Beauty and Body Image in the Media ( Men ) Review – 1 From the , Journal of Marketing Communication Vol. 11. No. 1. 3-19. March 2005 Idealized images of the male body in advertising: a reader-response exploration BY- RICHARD ELLIOTT CHRISTINE ELLIOTT Warwick Business School. 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The Picture of Ugly Women Means Powerless as Represented free essay sample

The terms of ‘fat’ here gives the message to women that women should not be ‘fat’ to be beauty. This issue is one of the practices of women as sex object that demands the women to be concern about their body. In 1913, Webster’s dictionary defined beauty as â€Å"properties pleasing the eye, the ear, the intellect, the aesthetic faculty or the moral sense. † But in 2004, the default definition of beauty has shriveled pitifully (Etcoff, 2004:4). However, nowadays the concept of beauty more concern about physical appearance. Wood states in his article entitled ‘Perceptions of Female Beauty in the 20th Century’ that definition of beauty in the 20th century, when referring to human physical beauty, are nearly always constructed in terms of outward appearance and sexual attractiveness. Etcoff (2004) also argues that beauty is visual; in fact, it is the same visual – the eye popping features and stunning proportions of a few hand-picked beauty icons. We will write a custom essay sample on The Picture of Ugly Women Means Powerless as Represented or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Orbach (2004) also mentioned that women of all ages and classes want to claim beauty for themselves, there has been an insidious narrowing of the beauty aesthetic to a limited physical type – thin, tall – which inevitably excludes millions and millions of women. Being beauty gives the women more power to reach all the qualities based on Orbach (2004) statement that women regard being beautiful as the result of qualities and circumstance: being loved, being engaged in activities that one wants to do, having a close relationship, being happy, being kind, having confidence, exuding dignity and humor. These are the things that women want to reach by being beauty. How if the women cannot fulfill the concept of beauty? In the movie ‘200 Pounds Beauty’ clearly portrays that ugly is powerless for women. There are three reasons why ugly is powerless for the women that will be explained in the next paragraphs. The first reason is that being ugly means mediocre career, since despite the fact that Hana is talented; she could only become a dubber for untalented singer, Ammy. Ammy is beautiful, she is thin, tall, and has the criteria of beauty that has been mentioned in the first paragraphs, but her voice is so horrible that’s why she needs a dubber to cover her horrible voice with Hana’s voice. In Korean perspective, beauty means having big eyes, a pale complexion, a sharp and pointed nose, a taller height, and a small chin and mouth. Essentially, South Korean Beauty meant looking as â€Å"white† or Caucasian as possible (Julia Yoo, beauty: the Korean Way articles). Caucasian models in many Asian advertisements for beauty products raise the possibility that beauty ideals are or are becoming global (Li, Min, Belk, Kimura, Bahl, 2008:444). Moreover, the concept of Caucasian beauty influences Korean entertainment industry. We cannot deny that many cultural products which produce by Korean entertainment industry picture the concept of Korean beauty that more like ‘Caucasian’ through their actresses. For instance, in one of the websites soompi. com mentioned that the criteria beautiful actress is like Kim Tae Hae, Yoon Eun Hye and Suzy (Miss A). They are the representation of ideal Korean beauty women, having fair skin, pointed nose, thin body, and wide eyes. Another case, in Korean Drama entitled ‘Dream High’ also portrays that ugly women are powerless through Phil Suk character. She has gorgeous voice but she is fat so that she cannot become the main actress in the advertisement, just become the singer of advertisement jingle. From these two cases, in the movie wants to convey the phenomena in Korean entertainment industry that sexy is acceptable and the fat one is unacceptable to be an artist. Therefore, since Hana is fat and it is unacceptable in entertainment industry, she cannot become an artist even she is talented. We can see from the conversation quote in the movie: Sang Jun: Shes (refers to Hana) talented, but ugly and fat. Youre untalented ( refers to Ammy), but gorgeous and sexy. †¦. Were just using her. Understood? Be nice to her. If she walks, its over. Once again, this conversation is emphasizes that Hana never become an artist because she is fat and ugly. The entertainment industry which is lead by Sang Jun is just used her like a doll. The second reason to think that Ugly is powerless for women is that being ugly means loneliness. This is because Hana does not dare to reveal her feeling to Sang Jun, the man that she loved. She is sure that she will be rejected. For Hana, Sang Jun is one of the men who is given her a reason to live for. But Sang Jun does not see her as women. In his point of view, Hana is a worthy asset and he treats her as a doll. Other interesting case from the scene in the movie that has to be underlined here is when Hana speaks in the telephone with the man; the first thing that the man asked to Hana is about her body size. Of course, Hana chooses to not reveal her true body size, she mentioned that her bust is 34 inches, waist is 24, and hip is 36, the ideal body size for women. The standard beauty of having ideal body as the product of cultural construction and put the women as the object where body as the property for women. In western thought bodies have been historically associated solely with women whereas men have been associated with the mind (http://www. iftr. org. uk/). The notion of the body (and not the mind) being associated with women has served as a justification to deem women as property, objects, and exchangeable commodities (among men) (Feminist theory-bodies articles). That’s why the practice of women to be beauty somehow makes the women suffer a lot. The concept beauty in Dworkin point of view is that beauty practices as having extensive harmful effects on womens bodies and lives (Jeffreys, 2005: 6). She explains that every part in the women bodies never be natural as Dworkin stated in quotation below: In our culture, not one part of a womans body is left untouched, unaltered. No feature or extremity is spared the art, or pain, of improvement. Hair is dyed, lacquered, straightened, permanented; eyebrows are plucked, penciled, dyed; eyes are lined, mascaraed, shadowed; lashes are curled, or false  ± from head to toe, every feature of a womans face, every section of her body, is subject to modification, alteration. (Dworkin, 1974, p. 112 in Jeffreys, 2005: 7) This shows the phenomena how the women treat their body as the sex object for the men to attract the men attention through the practice to be beauty. Jeffreys (2005) argues that Beauty practices are necessary so that the sexes can be told apart, so that the dominant sex class can be differentiated from the subordinate one. She continues Beauty practices create, as well as represent, the â€Å"difference between the sexes. In short, the practice of the body theory appears in Hana character. Hana is one of the examples that she put herself as an object; she want to be beauty by having ideal body so that she could be attractive for the men. And later, she is willing to do cosmetic surgery to be beauty. Moreover, the concept of sex appeal in men perspective also influences how the women treat toward their body. Heylighen (2011) quoted in Buss (2005), we have specialized brain mechanisms for estimating the physical attractiveness of a potential sex partner. He continues that Evolutionary Psychology researchers have shown via extensive cross-cultural surveys that there exist universal criteria for sex appeal. For women, these are basically indicators of health and fertility: symmetric features, smooth skin, long legs, full breasts, a 0. waist-to-hip ratio, and a minimum of deformities, in the sense of deviations from the â€Å"standard† human shape (Heylighen, 2011: 2). These concepts of sex appeal do not belong to Hana body which is too overweight, that’s why Sang Jun does not see her as a woman instead of just a doll. The practice of women body as properties also happened in Korean. Korean brought Neo-Confucian ideology that believes the body was a sacred. Korean femin ist Taeyeon Kim states in her article: â€Å"Neo-Confucian techniques of self-cultivation of the mind and body only applied to men. Women in the Neo-Confucian view were incapable of achieving sagehood and therefore had neither the need nor the ability to strive for transcendence of the self and body. While men produced their selves through the mind (study of the classics) and body (maintenance of the family body through ancestor worship), women were occupied with maintaining and reproducing the family body through the corporeal bodies of the family. † (p. 100) Korean women were constructed to keep their body as asset since in their ancestor era. The third reason being ugly is powerless for women means that ugly women are marginalized. There are some scenes which is show Hanna is marginalized. First scene shows the conversation between Hana and her best friend, when Hana told to her that Sang Jun seems like her, her friends said that ‘There are 3 types of women for men. Look. Pretty ones. (Hana’s friend pointed the picture of sexy woman in advertisement) Theyre a treasure. The average ones. (Hana’s friend pointed herself) Were a present. You? (pointed to Hana) A reject! Get it now? ’. Hana’s friend emphasizes the word ‘reject’ to make Hana realizes that is impossible for Sang Jun interested in Hana. Even those words seem harsh, but it is the best way to make Hana wake up from her dream. The second scene shows the moment when Hana invited to Sang Jun’s party. She wear a dress that does not suit to her body at all, a moment later, Ammy came wearing the same dress as Hana, and that dress look suitable in Ammy’s body. Then, the men around the party laugh at Hana. This shows that Hana is marginalized by give the message implicitly that if you are fat, you should not wearing a dress. Lee (2009) argues that body politics, epitomized by a good looking and slim body, overflowed and pervaded the whole of Korean society. She continues since the mid 1990s, a specific joke has circulated widely throughout society: that is, â€Å"a woman with a past in other words, a past love affair with another man can be forgiven but an ugly woman cannot be forgiven. † This statement gives us understanding on how Korean society treats ugly women. Ugly consider as taboo, sin, and have no place in the society. In addition, verbal violence appear in song lyrics that found by In-Sook Lim insists that, â€Å"since the latter half of the 1990s†, there has been a new trend of pop songs which outspokenly express disgust towards ugly and fat women and stigmatize these women as â€Å"bombs†. Lee (2009) states that only young and attractive girls can have power, so women find new ways to be powerful through body politics. Thus, good looks and a slim body are considered as the pre-condition for young women to achieve their inner desires and social success (Lee, 2009:4). But ugly women, they are marginalized. However, contemporary Korean women have struggled against their Confucian cultural heritage related to the concept of the female body as they have searched for subjectivity with the â€Å"slim body† making process (Lee, 2009). In addition, there’s no universal definition of beauty (Albers, 2010). The concept of beauty is different from one place to another place. Being ‘fat’ is not totally bad and considered ugly. In Uganda for example, fat women is beautiful and the perception of beauty does not include thinness (Albers, 2010). But, the concept of ‘fat is beautiful’ does not work in Korea even though the Korean feminist have been struggled for their Confucian cultural heritage related to the body. The power of capitalism still dominate through advertisement and media that mostly pictured sexy women as a model construct the Korean contemporary society about the concept of ideal beauty by having slim body and sexy. Lee (2009) argues that Korean women’s vision and subjectivity have been greatly transformed by Korea’s economic success, and through their own related experience of a global culture united by capitalism. A drastic shift occurred between the 1980s and the 1990s, sweeping middle class women into consumerist postmodernity in their desire to be â€Å"charming† and â€Å"sexy† (Lee, 2009:2) . The more noticeable point is that â€Å"since 2000† men have been admiring perfectly beautiful women, and their interest in women’s â€Å"sex-appeal† images increased (â€Å"Lookism† 347 in Lee (2009)). Therefore, fat women still unacceptable in Korean society. Even though after Hana doing cosmetic surgery and become an artist, she reveals her true identity to her fans, and her fans said that it is ok if Hana is the fat girl, she still become their talented star. Yet, this happen when she is beauty. Maybe the cases will be different if Hana didn’t undergo cosmetic surgery. She still seen as ugly women and powerless. In conclusion, in the movie entitled ‘200 Pounds Beauty’ brought up the issue of the powerlessness of ugly women in Korea. First, ugly women means mediocre career which pictured Hana could only become a dubber even though she is talented.

Organizational Changes free essay sample

This is a time of unprecedented change in our society. The changes one experiences are happening at faster and faster rates. As examples, the telephone, radio, TV, and microwave werent even in use decades ago, and today these gadgets are commonplace, along with the computer, Internet, and fax machine. In just a few months, the technology that an organization uses on an everyday basis may be outdated and replaced. That means an organization needs to be responsive to advances in the technological environment; its employees work skills must evolve as technology evolves. Organizations that refuse to adapt are likely to be the ones that wont be around in a few short years. If an organization wants to survive and prosper, its managers must continually innovate and adapt to new situations. Every organization goes through periods of transformation that can cause stress and uncertainty. To be successful, organizations must embrace many types of change. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Changes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Businesses must develop improved production technologies, create new products desired in the marketplace, implement new administrative systems, and upgrade employees skills. Organizations that adapt successfully are both profitable and admired. Managers must contend with all factors that affect their organizations. The following lists internal and external environmental factors that can encourage organizational changes: * The  external environment  is affected by political, social, technological, and economic stimuli outside of the organization that cause changes. * The  internal environment  is affected by the organizations management policies and styles, systems, and procedures, as well as employee attitudes. Typically, the concept of organizational change is used to describe organization-wide change, as opposed to smaller changes such as adding a new person, modifying a program, and so on. Examples of organization-wide change might include a change in mission, restructuring operations (for example, restructuring to self-managed teams or due to layoffs), new technologies, mergers, or new programs such as Total Quality Management, re-engineering, and so on. Managers should note that all changes should be implemented as part of a strategy to accomplish an overall goal; these transformations should not take place just for the sake of change. While the external environment (competitive, regulatory, and so on) will  continue to play a role in an organizations ability to deliver goods and services, the internal environment within the organization will increasingly inhibit it from delivering products required to meet the demands of the marketplace unless it is able to adapt quickly. The major areas of changes in a companys internal environment include: * Strategic:  Sometimes in the course of normal business operation it is necessary for management to adjust the firms strategy to achieve the goals of the company, or even to change the mission statement of the organization in response to demands of the external environments. Adjusting a companys strategy may involve changing its fundamental approach to doing business: the markets it will target, the kinds of products it will sell, how they will be sold, its overall strategic orientation, the level of global activity, and its various partnerships and other joint-business arrangements. * Structural:  Organizations often find it necessary to redesign the structure of the company due to influences from the external environment. Structural changes involve the hierarchy of authority, goals, structural characteristics, administrative procedures, and management systems. Almost all change in how an organization is managed falls under the category of structural change. A structural change may be as simple as implementing a no-smoking policy, or as involved as restructuring the company to meet the customer needs more effectively. * Process-oriented:  Organizations may need to reengineer processes to achieve optimum workflow and productivity. Process-oriented change is often related to an organizations production process or how the organization assembles products or delivers services. The adoption of robotics in a manufacturing plant or of laser-scanning checkout systems at supermarkets are examples of process-oriented changes. * People-centered:  This type of change alters the attitudes, behaviors, skills, or performance of employees in the company. Changing people-centered processes involves communicating, motivating, leading, and interacting within groups. This focus may entail changing how problems are solved, the way employees learn new skills, and even the very nature of how employees perceive themselves, their jobs, and the organization. Some people-centered changes may involve only incremental changes or small improvements in a process. For example, many organizations undergo leadership training that teaches managers how to communicate more openly with employees. Other programs may concentrate on team processes by teaching both managers and employees to work together more effectively to solve problems. Most scholarly works focusing on organizational life cycles have been conceptual and hypothetical in content. Only a small minority have attempted to test empirically the organizational life cycle model. One widely-cited conceptual work, however, was published in the  Harvard Business Review  in 1972 by L. Greiner. He used five growth phases: growth through creativity; growth through direction; growth through delegation; growth through coordination; and growth through collaboration. Each growth stage encompassed an evolutionary phase (prolonged periods of growth where no major upheaval occurs in organization practices), and a revolutionary phase (periods of substantial turmoil in organization life). The evolutionary phases were hypothesized to be about four to eight years in length, while the revolutionary phases were characterized as the crisis phases. At the end of each one of the five growth stages listed above, Greiner hypothesized that an organizational crisis will occur, and that the businesss ability to handle these crises will determine its future: Phase 1—Growth through creativity eventually leads to a crisis of leadership. More sophisticated and more formalized management practices must be adopted. If the founders cant or wont take on this responsibility, they must hire someone who can, and give this person significant authority. Phase 2—Growth through direction eventually leads to a crisis of autonomy. Lower level managers must be given more authority if the organization is to continue to grow. The crisis involves top-level managers reluctance to delegate authority. Phase 3—Growth through delegation eventually leads to a crisis of control. This occurs when autonomous employees who prefer to operate without interference from the rest of the organization clash with business owners and managers who perceive that they are losing control of a diversified company. Phase 4—Growth through coordination eventually leads to a crisis of red tape. Coordination techniques like product groups, formal planning processes, and corporate staff become, over time, a bureaucratic system that causes delays in decision-making and a reduction in innovation. Growth through collaboration, is characterized by the use of teams, a reduction in corporate staff, matrix-type structures, the simplification of formal systems, an increase in conferences and educational programs, and more sophisticated information systems. While Greiner did not formally delineate a crisis for this phase, he guessed that it might revolve around the psychological saturation of employees who grow emotionally and physically exhausted by the intensity of team work and the heavy pressure for innovative solutions.