Personal Ethics Paper - 1160 Words

Personal Ethics Statement According to Guido, ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the evaluation of human action. A broader definition would be that ethics involves the principles or assumptions underpinning the way individuals or groups ought to conduct themselves. In today’s continuous changing world, the one thing that remains constant for most of us is our personal value system of beliefs, known as ethics. Ethics can also be referred to as morals. Therefore, ethics are those morals that reflect and indicate issues that concern behaviors that are right or wrong and the good and bad habits of individual character. This important standard of beliefs can in most cases create the difference in attitudes from others both†¦show more content†¦As a child I was taught to be polite and to never use obscenities, that there are many words within the English language that I can use to express myself and this was enforce by family and teachers and I was aware of the consequences of disob eying rules set forth. A core principle that was instilled in me was to always ask for something, but most importantly the value of earning and deserving of getting rewards, that nothing in life that is not earned without hard work and sacrifice. In earning these rewards one can appreciate hard work and know the value of hard work. Another important value taught to me as child is to be willing to share with others and that there is joy and fulfillment in sharing and an appreciation for what you have and not to covet things your neighbors have. I had to learn to appreciate what I had and show that appreciation and that has carried over into my adult life wherein I appreciate gifts and people and I am very thankful for those in my life. I am very careful of the friends I keep as one of the things instilled in me is that the people you surround yourself is a reflection of the person you are. As I became a teenager, an important lesson I learnt is to never judge others and to always respect the opinion of others and toShow MoreRelatedPersonal Ethics Paper883 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Ethics Paper Fernando De La Peà ±a Llaca CMGT/530 April 11, 2011 Thomas Poole Personal Ethics Paper Ethics plays a big role in my life and also in my company, skip ethics in any situation can means a shortcut, a shortcut to a dead-end. Ethics is the way the morale and values prevail and using ethics in life brings big rewards. Because I am beginning a new stage in my life, especially in my academic life taking a master’s degree at University of Phoenix there is no difference; ethicsRead MorePersonal Ethics Paper1095 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Ethics Development Paper Personal Ethics Development Paper At birth we are essentially a bare slate. At this time in our lives, we have learned nothing. Our only ability is to cry when we require nourishment or the need for individual vigilance and solace arises. Until certain things are compulsory we are content to lie there and watch the world rotate around us. Throughout life we evolve standards founded on what we have learned or experienced as we develop. The aim of evolvingRead MorePersonal Ethics Development Paper871 Words   |  4 Pages(2007), define ethics as â€Å"the principles, norms, and standards of conduct governing an individual or organization.† I was influenced the way I determine different actions or behavior in a particular situation since I was a child. Growing up with a single Catholic mother made me value different things and behave in a particular way. In addition, this made me a have a particular ethical system that influences the way I work and act as an individual. At the corporation level, ethics is important becauseRead MorePersonal Ethics Reflection Paper2135 Words   |  9 PagesEthics is the study of how humans are in relationships with themselves and others (2012). Strong ethics comes from building community, respecting others, serving others, showing justice, and manifesting honesty (2016). With the ethical lens inventory, I believe in looking at relationships and life through a blend of responsibilities, rights and results. These ethical lenses are why I like to use my personal reasoning skills and intuition to balance between living into my flexible principles and determiningRead MorePersonal Ethics Reflection Paper1538 Words   |  7 PagesIn the beginning I did not understand the overall meaning of ethics. I knew that it had a lot to do with the world and what went on here on earth. Being in this class I learned that ethics cover everything from your personal beliefs, what is right and wrong, and the overall principles of it all. When we first started the project I had mixed feelings. In my head I was thinking â€Å"I will not see an ethical issue every day, this will be hard†. After a couple days of thinking, I began to ask myself a lotRead MoreCultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper1151 Words   |  5 Pageshead: CULTURAL VALUES AND PERSONAL ETHICS PAPER Cultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper University of Phoenix Cultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper [The introduction goes here. It should be one or two paragraphs explaining the findings of your paper. The introduction should prepare the reader for the contents of the paper by previewing the three main topics in your paper. Be sure to end with a transition word or sentence to lead into Section 1 of your paper. Triple click anywhereRead MoreCultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper1583 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: CULTURAL VALUES AND PERSONAL ETHICS PAPER Cultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper MBA/500 Foundations of Problem-Based Learning R. Garth Ferrell April 23, 2006 University of Phoenix Cultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper Every day people make decisions that may have profound effect on their personal and/or professional lives as well as the lives of others. The decision people make have a foundation on their personal, cultural, and perhaps organizational values. WhenRead MoreCultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper1129 Words   |  5 PagesValues and Personal Ethics Paper All people have personal values and ethics, just as they have cultural values. Often times, those personal values and ethics may clash with those of their employer. As an example, as an individual, a persons ethical guidelines might require honesty, integrity and respect. If that individual works for a company that does not necessarily operate under those same tenets, the employee may well face an ethical dilemma. This paper looks into how personal values, organizationalRead More Cultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper1361 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper Personal, organizational, and cultural values are the basis of an individuals personal and professional decision-making style. These values are the key ingredients that make up our core beliefs. Values are ideas that are actions which could be right or wrong, good or bad that are the basis of human action (Tosi 2000). Personal values might also be called morality, since they reflect general expectations of any person in any society, acting in any capacityRead MorePersonal Worldview Business Ethics Paper1821 Words   |  8 PagesPersonal Worldview amp; Business Ethics Paper Liberty University BMAL 560 January 25, 2015 STEP 1 To what extent should personal religious beliefs impact our decisions about business ethics? Personal religious beliefs should impact all decisions about business ethics. If your beliefs are truly mandated in your life, then you have no choice but to be fair and honest about your business decisions. Business decisions can sometimes be difficult and harsh, but that is no reason to comprise

The Media Images Of Beauty - 1665 Words

The modern beauty standard has become an increasingly important issue because people have the freedom to decide, but the media largely influenced these choices on about beauty standard. Our advance of technology helps communicate with each other, but people are not fully aware of the influence of media. That is a major problem. The media broadcast images of beauty to control people consciously. Technological advance helps people to reach the information quickly and cumulatively, but media not always making people feel good about themselves. Most of the people experience powerless when a society values youth and beauty because it is impossible to meet beauty standard. People bombarded by images of men and women who are thin, beautiful, and youthful. This norm is slowly taking away an individual’s freedom of self-expression and consequently lose sense of self-worth. Camille Paglia, an academic and social critic who earned her PhD at Yale University, uses her artistic sensibility to argue that the current trend of plastic surgery leads to ethical issues, such as narcissism, sexism, and racism in â€Å"The Pitfall of Plastic Surgery†. Meanwhile, Daniel Akst, New York born journalist, claims that the attitudes of the typical American’s carelessness about their outfit and physical beauty in â€Å"What Meets the Eye†. Both authors define the beauty standard that created by the media and claim the issue of how the media set up the wrong beauty standard for audience; it is unattainable forShow MoreRelatedBeauty and Body Image in the Media978 Words   |  4 PagesReview Of Literature Beauty and Body Image in the Media ( Men ) Review – 1 From the , Journal of Marketing Communication Vol. 11. No. 1. 3-19. March 2005 Idealized images of the male body in advertising: a reader-response exploration BY- RICHARD ELLIOTT CHRISTINE ELLIOTT Warwick Business School. University of Warwick, Coventry. UK. Harris Manchester College University of Oxford. Oxford. UK Introduction : This is a study which particularly focuses on how men are beingRead MoreCampaigning for Real Beauty: Dove ® and Changing Stereotypical Body Images as Seen in the Media3020 Words   |  13 PagesToday society has never been more aware of the impact the media has on what is considered to be an attractive person. Those who are most vulnerable by what they observe as the American standard of attractiveness and beauty are young females. Their quest to imitate such artificial images of beauty has challenged their health and their lives and has become the concern of many. As a result, advertisements used in the media are featuring more realistic looking people. As the modern world has changedRead MoreThe Subjectivity of Women to Modern Mass Media‚Äà ´s Construed Views of Beauty and How Their Effects on Body Image847 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media’s Construed Views of Beauty and How Their Effects on Body Image According to Medline Plus’s medical dictionary, a portion of the National Institute of Health’s website for patients and their families and friends, â€Å"body image† is defined as â€Å"a subjective picture of one s own physical appearance established both by self-observation and by noting the reactions of others.† From the start, it is made obvious by such a definition that any person’s self-body image is sculptured partly by others’Read MoreNegative Influence on Women in the Media Melanic R. Salomes Article853 Words   |  3 PagesR. Salome , is about the women’s misrepresentation of in media . Salome considers media as an important tool that affects American women in a negative way. Media has become of paramount interest in our lives, despite the fact that its negative influences on us are increasing at a rapid pace. Media promotes unrealistic and unattainable images that result in depression and dissatisfaction among people. T herefore, media reflects the image of society and the way people think about themselves. MoreoverRead MoreBeauty Culture: An Examination the Effects Media Has on Society 1440 Words   |  6 PagesSociety is obsessed with being beautiful. One just has to examine the amount differing beauty industries earn early for this fact to be evident. For example, the diet industry is a thirty-three billion dollar industry, with the cosmetic industry following close behind with twenty billion yearly (Wolf 16). However, this obsession with beauty is not without cause. As stated in Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women, and Children, â€Å"In affluent Western societies, slenderness isRead MoreMedia and Feminine Beauty1497 Words   |  6 PagesMass Media such as films, advertisements and magazines are the huge influence on the definition of feminine beauty. From watching movie to passing through the subway station, it is quite often to see numerous images of female faces a nd bodies. Women are exposed in the world where most women display in films and on subway advertising boards are striking poses with little clothes on. Moreover, every image showed is airbrushed with Photoshop. Women are exposed with images produced by the media on whatRead MoreSocio Cultural Morals Of Feminine Beauty1212 Words   |  5 Pagesfeminine beauty are put in all forms of favored media, battering women with images that portray what is advised to be the impeccable body.These morals of beauty are almost completely far-off for most women; a majority of the models advertised on television and in advertisements are below what is considered healthy body weight. Mass media s use of unrealistic models says an implicit message that in order for a woman to be beautiful, she must be unhealthy.The media puts an image of beauty that isRead MoreThe Encouragement Of Real Beauty : Do Social Learning Theory And Social Comparison Theory Still Work?1383 Words   |  6 PagesReal Beauty: Do Social Learning Theory and Social Comparison Theory Still Work? Yiwei Xu December 2015 Introduction Currently, body dissatisfaction is not uncommon among young girls. Past research results told us that current unrealistic standard of female beauty, which puts a particular emphasis on thinness, is the most likely cause of body dissatisfaction among adolescent girls (Fallon, 1990; Heinberg, 1996; Rodin, Silberstein, Striegel-Moore, 1985). Viewing unrealistic ideal-based images canRead MoreThe Effects Of Beauty Standards On Body Image1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Beauty Standards Understanding the effects of beauty standards to both men and women requires research of both sexes and different orientations in regard to the influence the media has on them. While cultural standards contribute to beauty standards, media carries most of the responsibility for swaying public opinion of attractiveness. In order to find an answer as to why certain beauty standards currently exist, one must examine the root cause: media. Literature Reviewed First GroupRead MoreMedia s Impact On Media Consumption Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesaccess an infinite amount of resources on the internet, 24 hours a day 7 days a week (XXXX). The rapid technological advancements has shifted the consumption of media from television, magazines and billboards to online digital media channels accessed via mobile devices, creating a ‘bedroom culture’ (Sumner, 2016) for many. The shift in media consumption has particularly been induced by the emergence of Social Networking Sites as well as other online platforms, which have become an integral part of

The Picture of Ugly Women Means Powerless as Represented free essay sample

The terms of ‘fat’ here gives the message to women that women should not be ‘fat’ to be beauty. This issue is one of the practices of women as sex object that demands the women to be concern about their body. In 1913, Webster’s dictionary defined beauty as â€Å"properties pleasing the eye, the ear, the intellect, the aesthetic faculty or the moral sense. † But in 2004, the default definition of beauty has shriveled pitifully (Etcoff, 2004:4). However, nowadays the concept of beauty more concern about physical appearance. Wood states in his article entitled ‘Perceptions of Female Beauty in the 20th Century’ that definition of beauty in the 20th century, when referring to human physical beauty, are nearly always constructed in terms of outward appearance and sexual attractiveness. Etcoff (2004) also argues that beauty is visual; in fact, it is the same visual – the eye popping features and stunning proportions of a few hand-picked beauty icons. We will write a custom essay sample on The Picture of Ugly Women Means Powerless as Represented or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Orbach (2004) also mentioned that women of all ages and classes want to claim beauty for themselves, there has been an insidious narrowing of the beauty aesthetic to a limited physical type – thin, tall – which inevitably excludes millions and millions of women. Being beauty gives the women more power to reach all the qualities based on Orbach (2004) statement that women regard being beautiful as the result of qualities and circumstance: being loved, being engaged in activities that one wants to do, having a close relationship, being happy, being kind, having confidence, exuding dignity and humor. These are the things that women want to reach by being beauty. How if the women cannot fulfill the concept of beauty? In the movie ‘200 Pounds Beauty’ clearly portrays that ugly is powerless for women. There are three reasons why ugly is powerless for the women that will be explained in the next paragraphs. The first reason is that being ugly means mediocre career, since despite the fact that Hana is talented; she could only become a dubber for untalented singer, Ammy. Ammy is beautiful, she is thin, tall, and has the criteria of beauty that has been mentioned in the first paragraphs, but her voice is so horrible that’s why she needs a dubber to cover her horrible voice with Hana’s voice. In Korean perspective, beauty means having big eyes, a pale complexion, a sharp and pointed nose, a taller height, and a small chin and mouth. Essentially, South Korean Beauty meant looking as â€Å"white† or Caucasian as possible (Julia Yoo, beauty: the Korean Way articles). Caucasian models in many Asian advertisements for beauty products raise the possibility that beauty ideals are or are becoming global (Li, Min, Belk, Kimura, Bahl, 2008:444). Moreover, the concept of Caucasian beauty influences Korean entertainment industry. We cannot deny that many cultural products which produce by Korean entertainment industry picture the concept of Korean beauty that more like ‘Caucasian’ through their actresses. For instance, in one of the websites soompi. com mentioned that the criteria beautiful actress is like Kim Tae Hae, Yoon Eun Hye and Suzy (Miss A). They are the representation of ideal Korean beauty women, having fair skin, pointed nose, thin body, and wide eyes. Another case, in Korean Drama entitled ‘Dream High’ also portrays that ugly women are powerless through Phil Suk character. She has gorgeous voice but she is fat so that she cannot become the main actress in the advertisement, just become the singer of advertisement jingle. From these two cases, in the movie wants to convey the phenomena in Korean entertainment industry that sexy is acceptable and the fat one is unacceptable to be an artist. Therefore, since Hana is fat and it is unacceptable in entertainment industry, she cannot become an artist even she is talented. We can see from the conversation quote in the movie: Sang Jun: Shes (refers to Hana) talented, but ugly and fat. Youre untalented ( refers to Ammy), but gorgeous and sexy. †¦. Were just using her. Understood? Be nice to her. If she walks, its over. Once again, this conversation is emphasizes that Hana never become an artist because she is fat and ugly. The entertainment industry which is lead by Sang Jun is just used her like a doll. The second reason to think that Ugly is powerless for women is that being ugly means loneliness. This is because Hana does not dare to reveal her feeling to Sang Jun, the man that she loved. She is sure that she will be rejected. For Hana, Sang Jun is one of the men who is given her a reason to live for. But Sang Jun does not see her as women. In his point of view, Hana is a worthy asset and he treats her as a doll. Other interesting case from the scene in the movie that has to be underlined here is when Hana speaks in the telephone with the man; the first thing that the man asked to Hana is about her body size. Of course, Hana chooses to not reveal her true body size, she mentioned that her bust is 34 inches, waist is 24, and hip is 36, the ideal body size for women. The standard beauty of having ideal body as the product of cultural construction and put the women as the object where body as the property for women. In western thought bodies have been historically associated solely with women whereas men have been associated with the mind (http://www. iftr. org. uk/). The notion of the body (and not the mind) being associated with women has served as a justification to deem women as property, objects, and exchangeable commodities (among men) (Feminist theory-bodies articles). That’s why the practice of women to be beauty somehow makes the women suffer a lot. The concept beauty in Dworkin point of view is that beauty practices as having extensive harmful effects on womens bodies and lives (Jeffreys, 2005: 6). She explains that every part in the women bodies never be natural as Dworkin stated in quotation below: In our culture, not one part of a womans body is left untouched, unaltered. No feature or extremity is spared the art, or pain, of improvement. Hair is dyed, lacquered, straightened, permanented; eyebrows are plucked, penciled, dyed; eyes are lined, mascaraed, shadowed; lashes are curled, or false  ± from head to toe, every feature of a womans face, every section of her body, is subject to modification, alteration. (Dworkin, 1974, p. 112 in Jeffreys, 2005: 7) This shows the phenomena how the women treat their body as the sex object for the men to attract the men attention through the practice to be beauty. Jeffreys (2005) argues that Beauty practices are necessary so that the sexes can be told apart, so that the dominant sex class can be differentiated from the subordinate one. She continues Beauty practices create, as well as represent, the â€Å"difference between the sexes. In short, the practice of the body theory appears in Hana character. Hana is one of the examples that she put herself as an object; she want to be beauty by having ideal body so that she could be attractive for the men. And later, she is willing to do cosmetic surgery to be beauty. Moreover, the concept of sex appeal in men perspective also influences how the women treat toward their body. Heylighen (2011) quoted in Buss (2005), we have specialized brain mechanisms for estimating the physical attractiveness of a potential sex partner. He continues that Evolutionary Psychology researchers have shown via extensive cross-cultural surveys that there exist universal criteria for sex appeal. For women, these are basically indicators of health and fertility: symmetric features, smooth skin, long legs, full breasts, a 0. waist-to-hip ratio, and a minimum of deformities, in the sense of deviations from the â€Å"standard† human shape (Heylighen, 2011: 2). These concepts of sex appeal do not belong to Hana body which is too overweight, that’s why Sang Jun does not see her as a woman instead of just a doll. The practice of women body as properties also happened in Korean. Korean brought Neo-Confucian ideology that believes the body was a sacred. Korean femin ist Taeyeon Kim states in her article: â€Å"Neo-Confucian techniques of self-cultivation of the mind and body only applied to men. Women in the Neo-Confucian view were incapable of achieving sagehood and therefore had neither the need nor the ability to strive for transcendence of the self and body. While men produced their selves through the mind (study of the classics) and body (maintenance of the family body through ancestor worship), women were occupied with maintaining and reproducing the family body through the corporeal bodies of the family. † (p. 100) Korean women were constructed to keep their body as asset since in their ancestor era. The third reason being ugly is powerless for women means that ugly women are marginalized. There are some scenes which is show Hanna is marginalized. First scene shows the conversation between Hana and her best friend, when Hana told to her that Sang Jun seems like her, her friends said that ‘There are 3 types of women for men. Look. Pretty ones. (Hana’s friend pointed the picture of sexy woman in advertisement) Theyre a treasure. The average ones. (Hana’s friend pointed herself) Were a present. You? (pointed to Hana) A reject! Get it now? ’. Hana’s friend emphasizes the word ‘reject’ to make Hana realizes that is impossible for Sang Jun interested in Hana. Even those words seem harsh, but it is the best way to make Hana wake up from her dream. The second scene shows the moment when Hana invited to Sang Jun’s party. She wear a dress that does not suit to her body at all, a moment later, Ammy came wearing the same dress as Hana, and that dress look suitable in Ammy’s body. Then, the men around the party laugh at Hana. This shows that Hana is marginalized by give the message implicitly that if you are fat, you should not wearing a dress. Lee (2009) argues that body politics, epitomized by a good looking and slim body, overflowed and pervaded the whole of Korean society. She continues since the mid 1990s, a specific joke has circulated widely throughout society: that is, â€Å"a woman with a past in other words, a past love affair with another man can be forgiven but an ugly woman cannot be forgiven. † This statement gives us understanding on how Korean society treats ugly women. Ugly consider as taboo, sin, and have no place in the society. In addition, verbal violence appear in song lyrics that found by In-Sook Lim insists that, â€Å"since the latter half of the 1990s†, there has been a new trend of pop songs which outspokenly express disgust towards ugly and fat women and stigmatize these women as â€Å"bombs†. Lee (2009) states that only young and attractive girls can have power, so women find new ways to be powerful through body politics. Thus, good looks and a slim body are considered as the pre-condition for young women to achieve their inner desires and social success (Lee, 2009:4). But ugly women, they are marginalized. However, contemporary Korean women have struggled against their Confucian cultural heritage related to the concept of the female body as they have searched for subjectivity with the â€Å"slim body† making process (Lee, 2009). In addition, there’s no universal definition of beauty (Albers, 2010). The concept of beauty is different from one place to another place. Being ‘fat’ is not totally bad and considered ugly. In Uganda for example, fat women is beautiful and the perception of beauty does not include thinness (Albers, 2010). But, the concept of ‘fat is beautiful’ does not work in Korea even though the Korean feminist have been struggled for their Confucian cultural heritage related to the body. The power of capitalism still dominate through advertisement and media that mostly pictured sexy women as a model construct the Korean contemporary society about the concept of ideal beauty by having slim body and sexy. Lee (2009) argues that Korean women’s vision and subjectivity have been greatly transformed by Korea’s economic success, and through their own related experience of a global culture united by capitalism. A drastic shift occurred between the 1980s and the 1990s, sweeping middle class women into consumerist postmodernity in their desire to be â€Å"charming† and â€Å"sexy† (Lee, 2009:2) . The more noticeable point is that â€Å"since 2000† men have been admiring perfectly beautiful women, and their interest in women’s â€Å"sex-appeal† images increased (â€Å"Lookism† 347 in Lee (2009)). Therefore, fat women still unacceptable in Korean society. Even though after Hana doing cosmetic surgery and become an artist, she reveals her true identity to her fans, and her fans said that it is ok if Hana is the fat girl, she still become their talented star. Yet, this happen when she is beauty. Maybe the cases will be different if Hana didn’t undergo cosmetic surgery. She still seen as ugly women and powerless. In conclusion, in the movie entitled ‘200 Pounds Beauty’ brought up the issue of the powerlessness of ugly women in Korea. First, ugly women means mediocre career which pictured Hana could only become a dubber even though she is talented.

Organizational Changes free essay sample

This is a time of unprecedented change in our society. The changes one experiences are happening at faster and faster rates. As examples, the telephone, radio, TV, and microwave werent even in use decades ago, and today these gadgets are commonplace, along with the computer, Internet, and fax machine. In just a few months, the technology that an organization uses on an everyday basis may be outdated and replaced. That means an organization needs to be responsive to advances in the technological environment; its employees work skills must evolve as technology evolves. Organizations that refuse to adapt are likely to be the ones that wont be around in a few short years. If an organization wants to survive and prosper, its managers must continually innovate and adapt to new situations. Every organization goes through periods of transformation that can cause stress and uncertainty. To be successful, organizations must embrace many types of change. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Changes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Businesses must develop improved production technologies, create new products desired in the marketplace, implement new administrative systems, and upgrade employees skills. Organizations that adapt successfully are both profitable and admired. Managers must contend with all factors that affect their organizations. The following lists internal and external environmental factors that can encourage organizational changes: * The  external environment  is affected by political, social, technological, and economic stimuli outside of the organization that cause changes. * The  internal environment  is affected by the organizations management policies and styles, systems, and procedures, as well as employee attitudes. Typically, the concept of organizational change is used to describe organization-wide change, as opposed to smaller changes such as adding a new person, modifying a program, and so on. Examples of organization-wide change might include a change in mission, restructuring operations (for example, restructuring to self-managed teams or due to layoffs), new technologies, mergers, or new programs such as Total Quality Management, re-engineering, and so on. Managers should note that all changes should be implemented as part of a strategy to accomplish an overall goal; these transformations should not take place just for the sake of change. While the external environment (competitive, regulatory, and so on) will  continue to play a role in an organizations ability to deliver goods and services, the internal environment within the organization will increasingly inhibit it from delivering products required to meet the demands of the marketplace unless it is able to adapt quickly. The major areas of changes in a companys internal environment include: * Strategic:  Sometimes in the course of normal business operation it is necessary for management to adjust the firms strategy to achieve the goals of the company, or even to change the mission statement of the organization in response to demands of the external environments. Adjusting a companys strategy may involve changing its fundamental approach to doing business: the markets it will target, the kinds of products it will sell, how they will be sold, its overall strategic orientation, the level of global activity, and its various partnerships and other joint-business arrangements. * Structural:  Organizations often find it necessary to redesign the structure of the company due to influences from the external environment. Structural changes involve the hierarchy of authority, goals, structural characteristics, administrative procedures, and management systems. Almost all change in how an organization is managed falls under the category of structural change. A structural change may be as simple as implementing a no-smoking policy, or as involved as restructuring the company to meet the customer needs more effectively. * Process-oriented:  Organizations may need to reengineer processes to achieve optimum workflow and productivity. Process-oriented change is often related to an organizations production process or how the organization assembles products or delivers services. The adoption of robotics in a manufacturing plant or of laser-scanning checkout systems at supermarkets are examples of process-oriented changes. * People-centered:  This type of change alters the attitudes, behaviors, skills, or performance of employees in the company. Changing people-centered processes involves communicating, motivating, leading, and interacting within groups. This focus may entail changing how problems are solved, the way employees learn new skills, and even the very nature of how employees perceive themselves, their jobs, and the organization. Some people-centered changes may involve only incremental changes or small improvements in a process. For example, many organizations undergo leadership training that teaches managers how to communicate more openly with employees. Other programs may concentrate on team processes by teaching both managers and employees to work together more effectively to solve problems. Most scholarly works focusing on organizational life cycles have been conceptual and hypothetical in content. Only a small minority have attempted to test empirically the organizational life cycle model. One widely-cited conceptual work, however, was published in the  Harvard Business Review  in 1972 by L. Greiner. He used five growth phases: growth through creativity; growth through direction; growth through delegation; growth through coordination; and growth through collaboration. Each growth stage encompassed an evolutionary phase (prolonged periods of growth where no major upheaval occurs in organization practices), and a revolutionary phase (periods of substantial turmoil in organization life). The evolutionary phases were hypothesized to be about four to eight years in length, while the revolutionary phases were characterized as the crisis phases. At the end of each one of the five growth stages listed above, Greiner hypothesized that an organizational crisis will occur, and that the businesss ability to handle these crises will determine its future: Phase 1—Growth through creativity eventually leads to a crisis of leadership. More sophisticated and more formalized management practices must be adopted. If the founders cant or wont take on this responsibility, they must hire someone who can, and give this person significant authority. Phase 2—Growth through direction eventually leads to a crisis of autonomy. Lower level managers must be given more authority if the organization is to continue to grow. The crisis involves top-level managers reluctance to delegate authority. Phase 3—Growth through delegation eventually leads to a crisis of control. This occurs when autonomous employees who prefer to operate without interference from the rest of the organization clash with business owners and managers who perceive that they are losing control of a diversified company. Phase 4—Growth through coordination eventually leads to a crisis of red tape. Coordination techniques like product groups, formal planning processes, and corporate staff become, over time, a bureaucratic system that causes delays in decision-making and a reduction in innovation. Growth through collaboration, is characterized by the use of teams, a reduction in corporate staff, matrix-type structures, the simplification of formal systems, an increase in conferences and educational programs, and more sophisticated information systems. While Greiner did not formally delineate a crisis for this phase, he guessed that it might revolve around the psychological saturation of employees who grow emotionally and physically exhausted by the intensity of team work and the heavy pressure for innovative solutions.